The panorama consisted of a new method of displaying a painted landscape in a 360-degree view, on a circular canvas strip surrounding the viewer.
The French Revolution was the seminal political event in modern European history. It overthrew the monarchy, undermined the nobility, set up a new republic and transformed European culture.
In response to the Panorama artists including John Martin and John Constable began to produce large scale landscapes for public exhibition.
Bouton and Daguerre open the first Diorama : an entertainment in which a vast landscape painting would transform over time.
The concept of an art vanguard forging the path to a new utopian society first appears in the writings of the Utopian Socialists. The term is first used by a disciple of the Compte de Saint-Simon, Olinde Rodrigues, who coined the term ‘avant-garde’ (French for ‘advance guard’ or ‘vanguard’), in the essay L’artiste, le savant et l’industriel (“The artist, the scientist and the industrialist”) of 1825
The earliest known surviving photograph taken by Joseph Nicéphore Niépce 'View from a Window at Le Gras.
The First Reform Act increased the British electorate by around 40% but was still limited to only male property owners whose property was worth a minimum of £10 ; Less than 8% of the population.
The Belgian physicist Joseph Plateau was one of the first people to demonstrate the illusion of a moving image.To do this he invented the Phenakistoscope which used counter rotating disks with repeating drawn images in small increments of motion on one and regularly spaced slits in the other.
William Horner Invents the Zoetrope based on Plateau's work. Horner's device was in turn developed by other inventors including William Ensign Lincoln and Milton Bradley.
After many others had made more or less successful attempts with relatively weak rotating and reciprocating apparatus Moritz Jacobi created the first real rotating electric motor in May 1834.
Dickens first popular serial novel The Pickwick Papers became a mass sensation spawning an industry of merchandise, theatrical adaptations and bootleg imitators. That same year he was working on Oliver Twist. Serialized fiction surged in popularity during Britain's Victorian era, due to a combination of the rise of literacy, technological advances in printing, and improved economics of distribution. Most Victorian novels first appeared as installments in monthly or weekly periodicals.
The British Chartist movement begins with a series of great meetings in the North. The Charter called for democratic reform that would give the working classes political and legal equality.
The earliest type of stereoscope was invented by Sir Charles Wheatstone in 1838. It used a pair of mirrors at 45 degree angles to the user's eyes, each reflecting a picture located off to the side. It demonstrated the importance of binocular depth perception by showing that when two pictures simulating left-eye and right-eye views of the same object are presented so that each eye sees only the image designed for it, but apparently in the same location, the brain will fuse the two and accept them as a view of one solid three-dimensional object.
On August 28, 1833, the Slavery Abolition Act was given Royal Assent, which paved the way for the abolition of slavery throughout the British Empire, which was substantially achieved in 1838. Britain was not the first nation to make slavery illegal and slavery continued to be legal in many nations into the 20th century.
Europe is swept by a wave of democratic revolutions against the feudal monarchy. Although most of the movement is supressed there are significant progressive gains. In
The Communist manifesto is a political pamphlet by the German philosophers Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels.Originally published in German and distributed underground, the influence of the manifesto took decades to develop but it eventually became the most influential political manifesto in modern history.
In America the Langenheim brothers patent their process for producing photographic projection slides for the magic lantern.
Charles Darwin publishes his scientific theory of evolution by natural selection. A work which eventually transformed science and culture.
The secession of the Southern slave states from the Union initiates the first industrial war.
After a meeting a great meeting in London, the diverse factions of the international socialist movement decide to form the International Workingmen's Association, also known as the First International.
Lewis Carroll publishes Alice's Adventures in Wonderland. Surreal before Surrealism, absurd before the Theatre of the Absurd. Filmed numerous times, the first version in 1903.
The Paris Commune, the first successful worker's revolution, existed from March 26 to May 30, 1871.
The first practical sound recording and reproduction device was the mechanical phonograph cylinder, invented by Thomas Edison in 1877 and patented in 1878. The next major technical development was the invention of the gramophone disc, generally credited to Emile Berliner and commercially introduced in the United States in 1889.
The Chat Noir was the first modern artist cabaret. Under the management of Rodolphe Salis it staged a series of théatre d'ombres (shadow play) shows between 1885 and 1896, as the art became more popular in Europe. Behind a screen on the second floor of the establishment, the artist Henri Rivière worked with up to 20 assistants in a large, oxy-hydrogen back-lit performance area and used a double optical lantern to project backgrounds. Figures were originally cardboard cut-outs, but zinc figures were used after 1887.
The 1882 Married Women's Property Act was the culmination of years of campaigning to give married women rights over their own. Previously all property in a marriage as owned by the husbnd.
The first transparent and flexible film base material was celluloid, which was discovered and refined for photographic use by John Carbutt, Hannibal Goodwin, and George Eastman. Eastman Kodak made celluloid film commercially available in 1889. The invention of celluloid was vital to the development of film projection.
In 1892 at the Musee Grevin, Paris, Charles-Emile Reynaud demonstrated his large-scale zoetrope system called Theatre Optique which could take a strip of images and project them onto a screen. This was the first instance of projected animated cartoons.
The Lumiere brothers hold their first screenings of motion pictures. They were not the first to hold public screenings of moving image technology but their technology was the most advanced and their screenings and tours were the most successful.
Sigmund publishes the Interpretation of Dreams which introduced his concept of the unconscious mind, and which eventually transformed 20th century art.
In America Albert E. Smith and J. Stuart Blackton's newly formed Vitagraph company made the stop motion animation 'The Humpty Dumpty Circus'. In Britain Arthur Melbourne Cooper made the stop motion advert 'Matches An Appeal'
Jazz is a music genre that originated in the African-American communities of New Orleans, United States in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, and developed from roots in blues and ragtime.
The introduction of the cheap mass market Brownie heralds the 20th Century popular snapshot.
Edward Turner invented colour film in 1902. And in 1908 Turners work was furthered by George Smith, it was a process known as Kinemacolor and worked by projecting a black-and-white film behind alternating red and green filters.
The two key pioneers of narrative film form in 1903 are Frank Mottershaw in 'A Daring Daylight Robbery' in Britain and Edwin S.Porter in 'The Great Train Robbery' in the U.S.A. Mottershaw's linear chase film uses complex montage and a basic parallel time scheme. Porter's more complex narrative uses sophisticated parallel editing and multiple plot lines.
In France, the Lumière brothers introduce the autochrome color process; the first commercial colour photography process available to amateurs.
The Cubist movement first develops from the experiments of Cezanne and the Post-impressionist artists. The movement was pioneered by Pablo Picasso and Georges Braque, joined by Jean Metzinger, Albert Gleizes, Robert Delaunay, Sonia Delaunay, Henri Le Fauconnier, and Fernand Léger.
Ricciotto Canudo's Avant-Garde manifesto declares cinema to be a new sixth art. In 1921 he reformulated cinema as the seventh art.
German Expressionist cinema was an element of of a broader Expressionist movement in North and Central Europe. The key directors included Robert Wiene, Fritz Lang, Georg Wilhelm Pabst and F. W. Murnau.
A global war which began in Europe. It left 18 million dead and 23 million wounded. By the end of the war or soon after, the German Empire, Russian Empire, Austro-Hungarian Empire and the Ottoman Empire ceased to exist.
Marinetti and other key Futurists publish their manifesto for a Futurist Cinema.
The international anti-art movement Dada formed around 1916 at the Cabaret Voltaire in Zurich, with parallel centers in New York and later Paris, Berlin and other cities. The key artist/filmmakers to emerge from Dada included Hans Richter, Viking Eggeling, Man Ray, Marcel Duchamp, Fernand Leger, Rene Clair and Henri Chommette.
Russia erupts into revolution and civil war. The Bolsheviks emerge as the leading force. The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) is founded in 1922.
Directed by Anton Giulio Bragaglia, a pioneer in Futurist photography and cinema The film's prologue states that it includes images by Futurist painters to strengthen the classic narative in order to evoke in the viewer stronger emotions than those created by mere film images. The film contrasts naturalist outdoor views of horse riding, horse carriages and motor cars, in particular a car crossing a river on a small ferry, with indoor views with sets designed by renowned Futurist painter Enrico Prampolini. As the film progresses and Thaïs becomes more and more irrational, the geometric and symbolic motives of the sets take an increasing importance and the film becomes almost abstract.
The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari (German: Das Cabinet des Dr. Caligari) is a 1920 German silent horror film, directed by Robert Wiene and written by Hans Janowitz and Carl Mayer. Considered the quintessential work of German Expressionist cinema
After the Russian revolution a new generation of filmmakers founded a radical Soviet cinema which pioneered new forms of film-making, montage and documentary. Key makers include Eisenstein, Vertov, Shub, Barnet, Dovzhenko and the F.E.K.S. Group.
By the 1920's Paris had become the hub of an international avant-garde cinema movement of artists, cinema clubs, specialist cinemas and journals. Key activists included Abel Gance, Louis Delluc, Marcel L'Herbier, Germaine Dulac and Jean Epstein.
Premiering in Berlin on May 3, 1925, Der absolute Film (The absolute film) was a program of nonnarrative, nonrepresentational films, the first public screening of its kind. A Sunday matinee in a 900-seat theater on the Kurfurstendamm, Berlin’s main shopping street, it sold out almost instantly and had to be repeated a week later. The program included Hans Richter’s Rhythm 21 and 23, Viking Eggeling’s Symphonie diagonale, and Walter Ruttmann’s Opus II, III, and IV. Instead of using the movie camera to capture the world around them, these artists created animated sequences of abstract forms that change over time. Richter was a Dadaist who migrated to America in 1940 where he became an influential artist, teacher and writer.
Mussolini and the Fascist Party take control of the Italian State.
Kodak introduce the first amateur gauge film stock. 16mm is half the size of professional 35mm film.
Born out of Paris Dada, the Surrealist movement and the Surrealist aesthetic became one of the critical drivers in experimental cinema. The original filmmakers associated with the movement were Germaine Dulac, Luis Bunuel, Salvador Dali, Man Ray, Jean Cocteau,
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