Period 6
While the Civil War left many dead and much destroyed, it also created new opportunities for the country. Business boomed, spawning new behemoth corporations in the railroads, building materials like steel, and energy sources like oil, and a new class of multimillionaires who were both maligned for unethical business practices and lauded for their philanthropy. It also led to a reorganization of labor in America and the emergence of an organized labor class for the first time. Urbanization and an unprecedented flood of immigrants posed new challenges, reignited old animosities, and created new expectations of the government’s responsibility to the people. In the West, the new transcontinental railroad, discoveries of gold and silver, and the promise of cheap land brought a new wave of settlers west, turning the Great Plains into farms and open range for cattle. The shifting economy increased tensions between farmers and industry, and a new political movement, the Populist movement was born. A final showdown between Native Americans and settlers left tribes displaced and scattered and the American frontier closed. The rapid changes left many Americans behind, and by 1900 a new movement of reform emerged.
1848-01-24 00:00:00
California Gold Rush of 1849
The population influx to California in response to the discovery of gold.
1858-10-28 00:00:00
Rise of Merchants
A new industry of department stores emerged in the second half of the 19th century.
1862-05-20 00:00:00
Homestead Act of 1862
An act opening up millions of acres of land to settlement.
1866-01-15 00:00:00
The Great American Desert
A name given to the western portion of the Great Plains.
1867-01-01 00:00:00
Cattle Drives
The movement of large herds of cattle from the ranches to the railheads.
1867-04-01 00:00:00
National Grange of Patrons and Husbandry
A fraternal organization formed to increase the well-being of farmers and their families.
1868-11-03 00:00:00
Gilded Age Republicans
The pro-government party of the Gilded Age.
1868-11-06 00:00:00
Gilded Age Democrats
The small government party of the Gilded Age.
1869-01-01 00:00:00
Jay Gould
A railroad investor and speculator.
1869-03-04 00:00:00
Ulysses S. Grant
The 18th president of the United States.
1869-05-10 00:00:00
Transcontinental Railroad
The first railroad line to connect the west and east coasts of the United States.
1870-01-10 00:00:00
Standard Oil
The world’s first and largest multinational corporation.
1870-02-01 00:00:00
Laissez-faire capitalism
An economic system in which the means of production are privately owned and the government does not interfere in the transactions between private parties.
1870-04-01 00:00:00
Great Plains
The expansive territory west of the Mississippi River but east of the Rocky Mountains.
1870-08-01 00:00:00
Cornelius Vanderbilt
A leading industrialist of the late 19th century.
1871-03-03 00:00:00
The Indian Appropriation Act of 1871
An act ending the official recognition of Native American tribes as independent nations.
1872-03-01 00:00:00
Yellowstone
The first national park.
1873-03-01 00:00:00
Mark Twain
An American author and humorist.
1873-09-18 00:00:00
Panic of 1873
Global financial panic resulting from over speculation, trade deficit, and the aftermath of the Civil War and Franco-Prussian War.
1873-10-27 00:00:00
Barbed wire
A type of wire that can be used as inexpensive fencing.
1874-11-01 00:00:00
Women’s Activism
Throughout the end of the 19th century, the women’s suffrage movement gained momentum.
1876-03-10 00:00:00
Alexander Graham Bell
Inventor of the telephone.
1876-06-25 00:00:00
George Custer
A leading United States Army officer in the Indian Wars.
1877-03-01 00:00:00
Munn v. Illinois
A Supreme Court case in which the Court ruled that the government did have the power to regulate private industries.
1877-03-05 00:00:00
Rutherford B. Hayes
The 19th president of the United States.
1877-06-01 00:00:00
Jim Crow Laws
Local and state laws passed in the South to institutionalize segregation between whites and blacks.
1877-07-16 00:00:00
Great Railroad strike of 1877
A massive and extensive strike of railroad workers.
1879-01-01 00:00:00
Social Gospel
A Protestant movement calling for Christians to actively work against social injustices like poverty, alcoholism, slums, racial discrimination, and child labor.
1879-12-01 00:00:00
Edison Menlo Park, NJ
Thomas Edison’s research center, considered the first industrial research laboratory.
1880-02-01 00:00:00
Urbanization
American cities grew at a dramatic rate at the end of the 19th century.
1881-03-04 00:00:00
James Garfield
The 20th president of the United States.
1881-05-01 00:00:00
Century of Dishonor
A book chronicling the government’s mistreatment of Native Americans.
1881-07-04 00:00:00
Tuskegee Institute
A historically black university established by Booker T. Washington and Lewis Adams.
1881-09-20 00:00:00
Chester A. Arthur
The 21st president of the United States.
1882-05-06 00:00:00
Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882
Act that prohibited the immigration of Chinese laborers.
1883-01-16 00:00:00
Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act
A law that established that federal positions be awarded based on merit rather than political affiliation.
1883-10-15 00:00:00
Civil Rights Cases of 1883
A series of cases in which the Supreme Court determined that the Civil Rights Act of 1875 was unconstitutional.
1884-03-04 00:00:00
Grover Cleveland
The 22nd president of the United States.
1884-11-04 00:00:00
Knights of Labor
The largest and most significant labor organization of the 1880s.
1885-02-26 00:00:00
Alien Contract Labor Law of 1885
A law banning immigrants from entering the United States under a labor contract.
1886-05-04 00:00:00
Haymarket Bombing
A bombing at a labor rally in Chicago that left eleven dead and many others injured.
1886-06-01 00:00:00
Collective Bargaining
The process of a group of employees and a group of employers negotiating terms of employment.
1886-10-01 00:00:00
Railroad Competition
Railroads competed fiercely with each other to dominate the transportation market.
1886-10-25 00:00:00
Wabash v. Illinois
A Supreme Court case in which the Court determined that only the federal government had power to regulate interstate commerce.
1886-12-08 00:00:00
American Federation of Labor
The largest union grouping through the first half of the 20th century.
1887-01-01 00:00:00
Natural Resources of the United States
The end of the 19th century was marked by dramatic discoveries and the consumption of natural resources.
1887-02-04 00:00:00
Interstate Commerce Act of 1886
A federal act designed to regulate the practices of the railroads.
1887-02-08 00:00:00
Dawes Severalty Act of 1887
A law passed by Congress dividing tribal land into individual allotments.
1889-06-01 00:00:00
Gospel of Wealth
An article describing the social responsibilities of the wealthy.
1890-05-01 00:00:00
Indian Country
A term used to describe territory set aside for Native tribes by the American government.