The Lumiere Brothers were the first people to invent a camera in the early 1895's which can print and it also has a projector the brothers called it Cinématographe. The Lumiere brothers were very good a science, they were also sent to technical school.In the early years they started to develop on photographic movement. Due to this it gave them an advantage and they were able to create the first ever camera.This camera was smaller than a kinetoscope, very light in weight and was able to hold a film speed of 16 frames per second. This was much more effective as it uses up less memory space. The film that they had ever directed was' The Arrival of the Train'. The was the first motion picture that anyone had ever seen. People were so amazed they ran out of the theatre scared as they had not seen anything like this before. The reason this was filmed was so that the audience was able to understand the purpose of a train and what happens when it arrives.
Melies was also french. As a young boy he was placed at the Ecole des Beaux Arts in Paris. Due to this he was amazed by the stage design and puppetry. By the year 188 Melies worked in as a theatrical showman and performances magic and illusionist techniques on stage. He showed great intrest of the Lumiere Brothers invention he wanted to buy it but the brothers turned him down which then lead him to study moving pictures and look at a different camera. Soon after this he created his own pojector and filmed his first ever film in 1896. This film was called 'Trip to the Moon' . When Melies was trying to film a bus he accidentally discovered the jump cut as the bus had disappeared and there was a carriage in the same position as the bus was. This then created special effects.
Porter had dropped out of school at a young age. He then did a variety of odd jobs such as a theater cashier, stagehand and machinist specializing in the installing electrical equipment. Porter worked for a company called Raff and Gammon. He became a projectionist. Due to this he have invented his own projector. Porter then went to work for a company called Edison which then he had resigned and made very few changes to the filming equipment. He then went to to filming movies with special effects which was used and told over many different scenes. One of the films that he had produced that he is best known for was 'The Great Train Robbery' which was one of the first movies to show a narrative. Another film he is well known for is 'Life of a fireman' which was also the first time someone had used stock footage and match on action is used. This had some temporal overlaps as it does not continue.It was acceptable for this to happen as the audience are oblivious to mistakes such as these because they were new to the idea of films.
In the early 1930s a machine called the Movieola was created. This was the very first editing technology that had been invented. Discovered by an inventor named Iwan Serreruir in 1924. This machine was used as a splicing machine which would then mean that they have to stick it together and if they cut to much they will have to try and fix it. Due to this invention this caused us in modern technology we can do it digital and if we cut off too much then we are able to fix it and undo the mistake. So therefore it would have been harder for them by using the splicing machine.
We could say that Eisenstein is the father of montage as he was the first to discover this technique. However the idea of montage had come from Kuleshov, but Eisenstein had just adapted it. This idea was created as Eisenstein wanted to create the feeling of time passing quickly so therefore montage was created. Unfortunately continuity has beat montage as the audience has become much more lazy and tend not to think about what they are watching but when watching continuity editing it does not mean that you have to think about what you are watching. Eisenstein created 5 different methods of montage. 1)Metric- cutting to the beat. This has not changed a great deal as it is what we are still using today. 2)Rhythmic- This concerns rhythm of action in the shot. This builds up to a climax and you get a fade out this is mainly used in genres such as horror and it is also used in trailers for it to seem much more interesting so that people will watch it. Einstein was born in Soviet Russia. In one of the first movies he had directed he was had used some of Kuleshov's and Griffiths ideas.
Griffith had wanted to be a writer. Due to this he had submitted a script to Edison Porter which was then rejected. However due to his good looks Edison had hired him as an actor. He then became a director and then created movies one that he is most known for is Birth of a Nation. Griffiths created continuity editing. There was a great use of trial and error involved. He then came across shot types such as close ups, medium long shots and long shots. Furthermore he created the 180 degree rule and eye line matches were used. Also the shots pace kept increasing as the narrative progressed also cuts were made when doing the editing so that the viewers are unable to see the edit. This makes it a linear narrative so that it feel more realistic this is also made for entertainment purposes. Continuity is sill being used today as continuity as he audience will rather be able to not think about what they are watching. Continuity usually has a closed ending as this does not mean for you to think any further.
Kubrick was an American man who had directed Space Odyssey. Kubrick tend to break the illusion of time and space. Kubrick has also been given the name of an auteur. Kubrick has been influenced by the French. By using montage this elucidates the fact that continuity may still be used in the modern era but montage is also used. He had used jump cut. This is used so that the audience feel a sense of realistic events so that we can relate to the character much more.
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Magnetic Tape was the first type of video tape that had been created. This was invented by the inventor Samuel F.B.Morse. He had discovered this by sending electrical signals over video tapes. Telegraphs influenced many different inventors to enter a new era of digital technology.
At this time America had become much more advanced with their technology. This then meant that they would set up an exhibit in Russia to show how far their technology had come.
Goddard was a French critic who is also known as an auteur. Goddard is know for discontinuity in the film breathless. This was used as a deliberate attempt to wind up the Americans.He broke the 180 degree rule that was created by Griffith and American film director.
French New wave is artistic opposed to Hollywood cinema opposed to continuity. Feminism and people had become equals and people were free. Also an example was that there was a great use of jump cuts deliberately to do it in Hollywood for them to react and upset them. This was also to break apart everything that Hollywood had taken.
Hitchcock had worked as a short time engineer before he started to find interest in the the film industry in the 1920s. He directed the film Psycho which had one of the best sequences. He absorbed montage this will be considered rhythmic and intellectual montage . A cross dissolve was used .He was known as the master of suspense which meant he was good a telling a stories through a series of film footages.He was also known as a auteur for bringing his own individual artistic style to the film industry.
Linear narrative is when the story is told from begin till end without confusing the audience. This set trends as many people use this to become lazy and do not think about what they are watching.
Here was the period that non linear editing was discovered. This is when there is no particular order to a movie or it can be told in a sequence with having a begging, middle and end. A non linear story is not told in order so that means you were able to place footage where ever you wanted but it has to make sense.
A machine that could record half black and white video files. However there was only 6 that was produced and this was deem useful especially when editing a non linear narrative.
Christopher Nolan is an English film director and producer. Some of Nolan's most famous films that he had directed was Interstellar, The dark knight rises, Inception and Space odyssey.He tends to manipulate time and space. Also the tempo and the pace of the editing was slow to elucidate the fact that in space you also move slowly.He also uses montage and continuity. The most famous techniques he has used in such a modern way was flashbacks and showing his films in reverse chronological order. He is also most famous for his film The Prestige cross- cutting. This then formed a new era of auters.
Quentin Tarantino is an American film director, screenwriter, producer and actor. Tarantino tends to have many violent films such as Kill Bill volumes 1 and 2 and also Django Unchained. Tarantino is also an auter because of his artistic approach to the film industry. Tarantino is most common for using non-linear narratives which included discontinuity, continuity and montage editing. The pace and the rhythm combining shots into a sequence. In Kill Bill he tries to break the illusion of realism. This is so we know that it has been staged for instance when the man jumps on the sword. Also he breaks the 180 degree rule deliberately. The reason for this is usually for entertainment.
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