In Lancaster, England, John Toms was convicted of murder of the basis of the torn edge of wad of newspaper in a pistol matching a remaining piece in his pocket. this was one of the first documented uses of physical matching.
Henry Faulds publishes a paper suggesting that fingerprints can be used to identify criminal offenders. He also used them to identify an innocent subject in one of the first recorded uses of fingerprints.
Hans Gross published a book describing the uses of physical evidence in solving crime. He is also credited with coining the term "criminalistics."
American President Theodore Roosevelt established the federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI)
Edmund Locard, successor to Lacassagne as professor of forensic medicine at the University of Lyons, France, established the first police crime laboratory in the world.
Leon Lattes, developed the first antibody test for ABO blood groups, and published a book on his findings. He devised a procedure by which dried bloodstains could be grouped as A, B, AB or O. His procedure is still used today by some forensic scientists
August Vollmer, as chief of police in LA implemented the first police crime lab.
The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) crime lab was created
Murray Hill of Bell Labs initiated the study of voice-print identification. The technique was refined by L.G Kersta
R.F.Borkenstine, Captain of the Indiana State Police, invented the Breathalyzer. This instrument, which uses breath samples to measure blood alcohol concentration (BAC), was the first practical device for roadside BAC testing for use by police officers investigating traffic violations and accidents.
Maurice Muller.a swiss scientist adapted the O.A.A diffusion test to determine species
The FBI introduced the beginnings of its Automated Fingerprint Identification System (AFIS) with the first computerized scans of fingerprints.
In the first use of DNA to solve a crime, Jeffreys used DNA profiling to identify Colin Pitchfork as the murderer of two young girls in the English Midlands. Significantly, in the course of investigation, DNA was first used to exonerate an innocent suspect.
In People vs. Pestinikas, Edward Blake first used PCR-based DNA testing to confirm different autopsy samples to be from the same person. The evidence was accepted by the civil court. This was also the first use of any kind of DNA testing in the United States.
The FBI contracted with Mnemonic Systems to develop Drugfire, an automated imaging system to compare marks left on cartridge cases and shell casings. The ability to compare fired bullets was subsequently added.
The FBI introduced computerized searches of the AFIS fingerprint database. Love scan and card scan devices allowed interdepartmental submissions.
A Memorandum of Understanding is signed between the FBI and ATF, allowing the use of the National Integrated Ballistics Network (NIBIN), to facilitate exchange of firearms data between Drugfire and IBIS.
Fingerprints were used on clay tablets for business transactions in ancient Babylon.
Earthenware estimated to be 6000 years old was discovered at an archaeological site in northwest China and found to bear clearly discernible friction ridge impressions.
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