The stories have been put into one of four categories:;xNLx;• Opening Up Knowledge: These are stories that have helped knowledge become more accessible. In ancient times, temples, libraries and universities helped store and share knowledge. These institutions continue to up to this day, but the open science movement has given this notion great momentum.;xNLx;• Legislation, Declarations & Frameworks: Numerous documents and guidelines have been created throughout the ages that have shaped how research is conducted. This has not always been for the better. The stories in this category captures these documents and some of the debates that surround them.;xNLx;• Improving Research: This category is for a wide-range of stories that - you might realise - don't quite fit in any of the others! Some of these stories have to do with improvements in scientific methodologies, conceptual developments that help us better engage with society, and activist movements that shape research for the better.;xNLx;• Research Tragedies: These are examples we find in common discussions of the history of research ethics. They are the tragedies that inspire declarations, legislation and frameworks but, above all, help us see that research can be deeply interlinked with nefarious ideologies.;xNLx;;xNLx;Each story also has tags. There are four tags: How We Do Things (roughly, stories with this tag have influenced approaches to the conduct or research and spreading of knowledge), What We Value (these are stories about the rise of moral and epistemic values throughout the ages), Science Influencers (stories with this tag are mostly about how people, documents and movements from outside science have shaped its conduct and underlying values), and Bioethics (stories that relate with medical research ethics and have had a particularly strong influence on modern research ethics more broadly).;xNLx;;xNLx;(N.b.: The way I – Ismael Kherroubi García – use "we" above is to refer to us as a global community - I do not see research as a task for a privileged few but a natural process in our seeking new and improved understandings, as individuals and as humankind.);xNLx;;xNLx;;xNLx;;xNLx;"An Incomplete History of Research Ethics" is a work in progress, and aims to be a collaborative endeavour. If you have any thoughts on the current site, you can suggest changes using this [GitHub site](https://github.com/Ismael-KG/An_Incomplete_History_of_Research_Ethics). And if you find GitHub at all overwhelming (which you might if you are new to GitHub), please reach out to me via [Twitter](https://twitter.com/hermeneuticist) or [LinkedIn](https://www.linkedin.com/in/ismaelkherroubi/).;xNLx;;xNLx;And do feel free to share this site!;xNLx;;xNLx;;xSTx;a class="twitter-share-button" href="https://twitter.com/intent/tweet?text=Take%20a%20look%20at%20this%20History%20of%20Research%20Ethics%20by%20@hermeneuticist%20on%20@tiki_toki%20https://www.tiki-toki.com/timeline/entry/1753034/A-History-of-Research-Ethics/";xETx;;xNLx;Share on Twitter;xSTx;/a;xETx;;xNLx;;xNLx;;xNLx;This timeline is being compiled on [Github](https://github.com/Ismael-KG/A-History-of-Research-Ethics);xNLx;@ 2021, Ismael Kherroubi Garcia,. CC BY 4.0
Two stories attributed to the last pharoah of Ancient Egypt teach us about authorship in science, but also of a terrible research tragedy.
Metrodora appears to be the first female author of a medical text.
A precursor to China's long tradition of "materia medica" serves as an early standard for the modern pharmacopoeia.
Ge Hong reconciles Confucianism and Daoism, leaves instructions for a 2015 Nobel Prize winner, and records Bao Gu's techniques in moxibustion.
Still pledged to - although in more modern versions - the oath provided a code of conduct to ancient Greek physicians
Literacy became a worthwhile skill in monks
The University of Nalandais established in the Magadhan Empire. It was destroyed in the 12th century AD.
The University of TakshaShila, located in modern-day Pakistan, taught students until 6th century AD.
The university (still operating today) is established in Morocco, initially as a mosque.
The title can be translated to "Practical ethics of the physician"
The university, which is still in operation, was established in Egypt.
Pre-Hispanic Mesoamerican philosophy teaches us of the link between beliefs about the world, and how we engage with one another and our natural environment.
13th century theologian Albertus Magnus inspires centuries of speculations about imbuing life into artefacts.
An ancient compilation of medical texts.
Spanish officials appear to control most of the narrative around their colonisation of Mexico
Copernicus argues, through mathematical approaches, for heliocentrism, the idea that the Earth revolves around the sun.
The world’s first scientific institute that studies the natural sciences from an experimental viewpoint is established in Rome, Italy.
Galilei argues for heliocentrism following his observations through the telescope.
Bacon argues for empirical approaches to making scientific discoveries.
A highly specialised medical science institute is established in Schweinfurt, Germany.
The Royal Society is established in London, England.
The world's first academic journal is published in Paris, France.
The French Académie of Science is established as a hub for the advancement of science in Paris, France.
Göttingen University, in Germany, advocates for an early form of "academic freedom."
An ancient legal text that makes reference to the punishment of physicians who harm their patients.
Princess Dashkova Yekaterina Romanovna Vorontsova is appointed to direct the Petersburg Academy of Arts and Sciences, establishes the Russian Academy, and helps reflect on gender stereotypes and allyship.
"Academic freedom" gains form in Humboldt’s University of Berlin, in Germany.
Racism finds legal grounding in the US.
Francis Galton leads the pseudoscientific ideology of eugenics.
Signatories agree that a work’s copyright status requires no formalities and is internationally recognised.
The authors identify privacy as possibly coming under threat by socioeconomic and technological change.
The term can be seen as referring to a sort of "group mind," but has also been interpreted as a "moral conscience" for collectives.
Four court cases in the US result in the legal establishment of "patient autonomy."
The English edition of Gandhi's "Hind Swaraj" states "No Rights Reserved" on the front cover.
A study the evolution of untreated syphilis in black men that involved deception and was grounded in racism.
Benjamin provides an analysis of art that is relevant to non-fungible tokens (NFTs).
Albert Einstein warns of the possibility of Germany developing powerful bombs with uranium, urging the US pursue a similar programme.
The world's first moonshot is aimed at defeating the Nazis in creating nuclear weapons.
The news that the Nazis were not close to developing nuclear weapons is enough for Rotblat to leave the project creating the atomic bomb.
The US drop atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki.
The Nuremberg Code was the outcome of the "Doctors' Trial" against Nazi officials
A milestone document in the history of human rights.
The book introduces the Three Rs of animal research: replacement, reduction and refinement.
The World Medical Association adopts the Declaration of Helsinki.
The Civil Rights Act is signed in response to the Civil Rights movement in the US.
Youyou turns to ancient texts to create a vaccine against malaria in the midst of political upheaval.
Black lesbians and trans women protested the police brutality they were subject to.
Makes online versions of books in the public domain freely available.
Details of the Tuskegee Syphilis Study are leaked to the New York Times, leading to the end of the project.
The National Research Act is signed in the US following scandals in scientific practice.
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