**Year(s): 1910-11; 1955-1967** ** Brief description: These schemes were programs developed by the Canadian government to bring women to perform live-in domestic labour in Canadian homes that white women were increasingly unwilling to perform.**
**START DATE OF BCSE: 1919** **TARGET AUDIENCE: N/A** **FUNDING: N/A**
**START DATE OF BCSE: 1960’s** **END DATE OF INITIATIVE: September 1989** **FUNDING: Originally funded by Shriners and the Kiwanis Club, the Rotary Club up until about 1969. As of 1969 it was solely funded by Centraide, Redfeather. (source: Wilma’s interview)**
BRIEF DESCRIPTION: Marcus Garvey’s Toronto-based UNIA chapter ran educational programs for youth and adults, linking Pan-African philosophy and community schooling. “In April 1919, the Coloured Literary Association was founded by a few West Indian men; they would meet in the back room of Occidental Cleaners and Dyers store at 318 Spadina Avenue. Several months later, a charter was obtained from the UNIA headquarters in Harlem, and the Toronto UNIA division was officially founded on December 1, 1919. In its early days, members met at the Occidental Hall at the corner of Bathurst and Queen Street West, which later became a concert hall for many years and is now a CB2 store. Before finding permanent headquarters, UNIA meetings were held in a rented space at 339 Queen Street West, which is now an Arc’teryx store. After fundraising for many years, members were finally able to purchase a building at 355 College Street in 1925, which remained the UNIA’s until 1982 and later became the long-time location of reggae bar Thymeless. At its peak, the Toronto division had around 200-300 members working towards solidarity and independence, engaging in politics, celebrating culture, and fostering what remained a community hub for decades.”
**Year(s): 1960s – 1980s**
(1969 - present) BRIEF DESCRIPTION: Founded by parents in Flemingdon Park to supplement mainstream education with Black history and culture; became Toronto’s longest-running Saturday school model and influenced later Afrocentric education initiatives.
**START DATE OF BCSE: 1962** **TARGET AUDIENCE: Jamaican community in Montreal** **Funding: N/A**
**Year(s): 1962 - 1967** ** Brief description: Beginning in 1962, successive Canadian governments acted to reduce overt racial restriction from its immigration policy, in response to Canada’s rapidly increasing need for labour and the desire to distance itself from racial discrimination post WWII.**
BRIEF DESCRIPTION: Volunteer-run tutoring initiative supporting Caribbean students excluded by Toronto’s school system; precursor to later Afrocentric schools and community programs. The Black Education Project (BEP) in Toronto, founded by Marlene Green around 1969, emerged from the Black Power movement to combat systemic racism in education, addressing high dropout rates and streaming of Black students into special needs/non-academic paths, offering after-school tutoring, Black history, and empowerment through programs for Black youth and parents to promote self-esteem and academic success, reflecting broader Black Canadian activism for educational equity in the 60s and 70s.
**START DATE OF BCSE: 1968** **TARGET AUDIENCE: families, elementary and high school students in the French and English schools** **FUNDING: Provincial Funding**
