2021 National Stop AAPI Hate Report
2021
This report covers the 6,603 incident reports to Stop AAPI Hate from March 19, 2020 to March 31, 2021. The number of hate incidents reported to our...
MoreAt Stop AAPI Hate, we believe in increasing exposure to the voices and histories of all communities by expanding ethnic studies and education. Ethnic studies helps teach students the sources of this racism and promotes racial empathy and solidarity. We have put together this timeline of Asian American and Pacific Islander events to share our history. This is a work in progress that we'll continue to update.
The first group of Asian origin migrants were from the Philippines. Known as ”Luzonians,” they were part of a Spanish trading party and arrived 33 years before the Plymouth pilgrims.
The first Native Hawaiians (“Kānaka”) to permanently settle in the United States emigrated to the colony of Astoria, located in present-day Oregon, on the merchant ship the Tonquin. They were brought there by the Pacific Fur Company to build Fort Astoria, the first U.S.-owned settlement on the Pacific Coast. Learn more about Fort Astoria at the link below.
In 1869, the First Transcontinental Railroad was completed — to the credit of 20,000 Chinese immigrants. Chinese immigrants flocked to the United States during the California Gold Rush, in search of economic opportunities. Though at first anti-Chinese sentiment made it difficult for them to secure employment — many believed that Chinese were not strong enough to endure the long hours and strenuous work conditions — the demand for labor was high and railroad companies had no choice but to hire Chinese laborers. By 1867, 90% of railroad workers were Chinese immigrants. However important their role in the completion of the railroad, Chinese workers worked long hours in dangerous conditions, and for 50% less than whites. Hundreds died during construction and no thanks was given to Chinese laborers for their historical contributions to U.S. infrastructure. Learn more about Chinese railroad workers below.
On June 25, 1867 a strike broke out among Chinese railroad workers who demanded fair wages and accommodations and better working conditions. At the time, it represented the largest labor action in the nation, according to the Chinese Railroad Workers in North America Project. The strike lasted for one week, at which point the Central Pacific Railroad Company restricted access to food, supplies, and transportation and threatened retribution for workers who expressed their dissent, ending the demonstration once and for all. Though no formal concessions were made, the strike inspired several smaller labor actions elsewhere in the United States. Learn more about the strike below.
In 1868, a passenger ship carrying 153 artisans, peasants, and other Japanese landed on the shores of Hawaii. The first people to make the 4,000-mile voyage between islands, these immigrants came to be known as the “gannenmono,” or “first year men.” By the turn of the century, 180,000 Japanese had immigrated to Hawaii to raise families, start businesses, and grow crops. Learn more about the Gannenmono below.
During the 1875-'76 smallpox outbreak in San Francisco, officials blamed Chinatown and fumigated the neighborhood. The outbreak raged on afterwards, yet officails insisted that Chinese residents were to blame. Similarly, in 1900 San Francisco quarantined 30,000 Chinese residents with barbed wire during the bubonic plague while white residents were free to go.
The Page Act of 1875 effectively prohibited the entry of East Asian women, especially Chinese women. Chinese women were perceived as a sexual threat, stereotyped as promiscuous and as prostitutes. This is the first restrictive federal immigration law in the United States, and one that created the policing of immigrants around sexuality.
Over 2,000 Punjabi farmers are brought over to work on agricultural fields in Calfornia.
In 1882, at the height of economic recession, Chinese laborers were scapegoated for declining wages and job opportunities. Even though Chinese accounted for less than 1% of the U.S. population, white workers across the country called for their deportation in a wave of demonstrations that accumulated in the passage of the Chinese Exclusion Act, which suspended Chinese immigration for 10 years and declared Chinese immigrants ineligible for naturalization. Federal lawmakers cited economic factors in the decision, but also at play was the desire to maintain racial purity within the United States. Some Chinese Americans tried to protest the legislation, but an 1854 Supreme Court decision (People v. Hall) made it illegal for Chinese to testify in court, which limited their options for legal recourse. As a result, the Chinese Exclusion Act remained in effect until 1943, when an immigration quota was established. Learn more about the Chinese Exclusion Act below.
Hu King Eng and Gurubai Karmarkar graduated from Women’s Medical College in Pennsylvania. Hu King Eng, born and raised in Fuzhou, was the second ethnic Chinese woman to graduate from a U.S. university. Gurubai Karmarkar of Mumbai was the first ethnic Indian woman to do the same.
This report covers the 6,603 incident reports to Stop AAPI Hate from March 19, 2020 to March 31, 2021. The number of hate incidents reported to our...
MoreAnti-Asian rhetoric starts garnering media attention, much of which is egged on by Donald Trump and his usage of the term “china virus” to describe...
MoreSenator Mazie Hirono and Congresswoman Grace Meng introduce anti-Asian hate crimes legislation which calls on all public officials to condemn and...
MoreIn the course of one week, 673 incidents of anti-Asian hate were reported.
MoreIn response to the alarming escalation in xenophobia and bigotry resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic, the Asian Pacific Planning and Policy Council...
MoreIn the months following 9/11, the number of hate crimes and hate incidents against Muslims and those perceived to be Muslim jumps drastically. Since...
More675 reported hate incidents towards South Asians and Middle Eastern people are documented in less than one week.
MoreThe Civil Liberties Act commits to providing individual payments of $20,000 to each surviving Japanese internee and $1.25 million for an education...
MoreThe “apology bill” is passed, which “provides that the Kaho‘olawe Island Reserve shall be used solely and exclusively and reserved in perpetuity for...
MoreA week before his wedding, 27-year-old Vincent Chin was bludgeoned to death by two white auto workers, Ronald Ebens and his stepson Michael Nitz, who...
MoreGeorge Helm Jr. (a Hawaiian rights activist) speaks to state house legislature for the first time about
MoreProtect Kaho‘olawe ‘Ohana was formed in response to the U.S.' usage of Kaho'olawe, a place considered sacred to Native Hawaiians, as a bombing range. ...
MoreThe fall of Saigon on April 30, 1975 marked the end of the Vietnam War and the beginning of mass migration of Southeast Asian refugees from Vietnam,...
MoreFilipino farm workers, known as Manongs, go on strike in Delano, California and use the community center as an organizing hub for Farm Workers. ...
MoreThe Immigration Act, also known as Hart Cellar Act, abolishes the quota system in place regarding number of immigrants coming in from “undesirable”...
MoreDalip Saund is the first Asian American and Sikh Indian American to be sworn in as a U.S. representative.
MoreThe Luce-Cellar Act of 1946 provided a quota of 100 Filipinos and 100 Indians from Asia to immigrate to the United States per year, which made...
MorePresident Franklin Roosevelt issued Executive Order 9066 on February 19, 1942, authorizing evacuation of persons of Japanese descent. On March 17,...
MoreThe Nye-Lea Act was a federal law that granted all immigrants serving in World War I the right to naturalize in the United States. Before this law,...
MoreUnited States v. Bhagat Singh Thind was a case in which the Supreme Court of the United States decided that Bhagat Singh Thind, an Indian Sikh man who...
MoreTakao Ozawa filed for United States citizenship under the Naturalization Act of 1906. This act allowed only "free white persons" and "persons of...
MoreYamashita vs. Hinkle was a decision of the United States Supreme Court that upheld the constitutionality of the state of Washington's Alien Land Law....
MoreThe Alien Land Law is passed by California declaring it illegal for immigrants to own land.
MoreThe first Gurudwara (place of worship for Sikhs) is established in Stockton, CA.
MoreA U.S. Immigration Station opened at Angel Island in San Francisco, CA. The facility enforced policies designed to exclude many Pacific Coast...
MoreAn anti-immigrant group dedicated to driving out cheap labor is formed and carries out anti-Hindu riots in Washington, Oregon, and California.
MoreThe first shipload of Korean immigrants arrived in Hawaii to work on the islands’ pineapple and sugar plantations. In the years that followed,...
MoreEsther Kim Park graduates from Baltimore Women’s Medical College, making her the first Korean woman to become a Western medical doctor.
MoreOn September 2, the Hawaiian Patriotic League (“Hui Hawaii Aloha Aina”), comprising dozens of native Hawaiians filed a petition against the annexation...
MoreAfter the completion of the First Transcontinental Railroad, Chinese Americans continued to work for railroad companies, which owned coal mines...
MoreHu King Eng and Gurubai Karmarkar graduated from Women’s Medical College in Pennsylvania. Hu King Eng, born and raised in Fuzhou, was the second...
MoreIn 1882, at the height of economic recession, Chinese laborers were scapegoated for declining wages and job opportunities. Even though Chinese...
MoreOver 2,000 Punjabi farmers are brought over to work on agricultural fields in Calfornia.
MoreThe Page Act of 1875 effectively prohibited the entry of East Asian women, especially Chinese women. Chinese women were perceived as a sexual threat,...
MoreDuring the 1875-'76 smallpox outbreak in San Francisco, officials blamed Chinatown and fumigated the neighborhood. The outbreak raged on afterwards,...
MoreIn 1868, a passenger ship carrying 153 artisans, peasants, and other Japanese landed on the shores of Hawaii. The first people to make the 4,000-mile...
MoreOn June 25, 1867 a strike broke out among Chinese railroad workers who demanded fair wages and accommodations and better working conditions. At the...
MoreIn 1869, the First Transcontinental Railroad was completed — to the credit of 20,000 Chinese immigrants. Chinese immigrants flocked to the United...
MoreThe first Native Hawaiians (“Kānaka”) to permanently settle in the United States emigrated to the colony of Astoria, located in present-day Oregon, on...
MoreThe first group of Asian origin migrants were from the Philippines. Known as ”Luzonians,” they were part of a Spanish trading party and arrived 33...
MoreAt Stop AAPI Hate, we believe in increasing exposure to the voices and histories of all communities by expanding ethnic studies and education. Ethnic studies helps teach students the sources of this racism and promotes racial empathy and solidarity. We have put together this timeline of Asian American and Pacific Islander events to share our history. This is a work in progress that we'll continue to update.