The US military uses computer simulations in “war games” exercises.
FCC’s Sixth Report and Order allocates local TV channels, reserves 242 for noncom educational TV.
After WWII - psychologists continued working this way via the American Institutes for Research and that they developed "analysis, design, and evaluation procedures"
Ford Foundation Sponsored closed-circuit television systems to transmit instruction in all subjects and all levels in Maryland, A JC curriculum in Chicago, and Penn State’s Airborne Television Instruction (televised lessons from airplanes to schools). Reiser and Dempsey
B.F. Skinner publishes, "The Science of Learning and the Art of Teaching," which was a “minor revolution in the field of education.” Skinner said that "programmed instructional materials" should "present instruction in small steps, active responses to frequent questions, provide immediate feedback, and allow for learner self-pacing" Skinner also said, "data regarding the effectiveness of the materials were collected, instructional weaknesses were identified, and the materials were revised accordingly" a.k.a. formative evaluation.
Dale and Finn expressed the importance of communication- not widely excepted at first, but later this idea “helped expand the focus of the audiovisual movement.” (Reiser and Dempsey, 2011)
“B. F. Skinner demonstrates at the University of Pittsburgh a machine designed to teach arithmetic, using an instructional program.”
Bloom’s Taxonomy There are three learning domains: cognitive, affective, and psychmotor. Within the cognitive domain, there are various types of learning outcomes Objectives are classified according to the type of learned behavior described There is a hierarchical relationship among the various types of outcomes (Reiser and Dempsey, 2011)
Sputnik launched by the Soviets - spurred the US government to fund math and science education in public schools. However, it was later determined that the materials created were not effective. (Reiser and Dempsey, 2011)
IBM publicly presents experiments in computer-based education in a conference at the University of Pennsylvania, sponsored by the Air Force Office of Scientific Research. (Reiser and Dempsey, 2011)
International Federation for Information Processing, IFIP was funded by was made by United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization
Robert Gagne developed and published Conditions of Learning. Gagne discussed the existence of different levels of learning (verbal information, intellectual skills, cognitive strategies, motor skills, and attitudes), which requires different types of teaching. Gagne also identified nine instructional events: gaining attention (reception), informing learners of the objectives (expectations, stimulating recall of prior learning (retrieval), presenting the stimulus (selective perception), providing learning guidance (semantic encoding), eliciting performance (responding), providing feedback (reinforcement), assessing performance (retrieval), enhancing retention and transfer (generalization).
In the early 1960s, Washington University researchers built the first computer-based method to measure hearing in infants. The average evoked response has become the standard method for early confirmation of hearing problems in infants. The late 1960's saw the development of the first application of computers to radiation treatment planning for cancer patients.
Ben Gurley invented PDP-1 which is Short for Programmable Data Processor, PDP was a series of computers developed by Digial. The first PDP and first minicomputer was the PDP-1 and was developed in 1960, had five-megacycle circuits, a magnetic core memory, and fully parallel processing with a computation rate of 100,000 additions per second. The PDP series included the PDP-4, PDP-6, PDP-7, PDP-8, PDP-9, PDP-10, PDP-11, PDP-12, PDP-14, and PDP-15 computer.
In 1963, the Vocational Education Act pass in which provided new money to support the use of technology in vocational schools. The sole purpose of the technology use at this time was to update occupational training by targeting people instead of professions. President Kennedy was the first to submit a letter which he stated that providing “’funds for vocational education at the full amounts authorized by existing law is vital to the security and economic health of our nation.
BCPL (Basic Combined Programming Language) is a computer programming language which was created by Martin Richards.
Weizenbaum and Colby create ELIZA.
Hewlett-Packard enters the computer market with the HP2116A real-time computer. It is designed to crunch data acquired from electronic test and measurement instruments. It has 8K of memory and costs $30,000.
Intel is founded and begins marketing a semiconductor chip that holds 2,000 bits of memory. Wang is the first to buy this chip, using it in their business oriented calculators called the 600 series.
Unix was developed by a group of AT&T employees at Bell Labs, including Ken Thompson, Dennis Ritchie, Brian Kernighan, Douglas McIlroy, and Joe Ossanna. UNIX is an operating system which was first developed in the 1960s, and has been under constant development ever since. By operating system, we mean the suite of programs which make the computer work. It is a stable, multi-user, multi-tasking system for servers, desktops and laptops.
Hyperstudio releases a multimedia authoring program that allows users to communicate ideas through diskette,CD ROM,or internet
In the 1970s Seymour Papert drew on Piaget's ideas to create LOGO, a simple computer-programming language that let children control the movement of a simulated turtle by giving it simple commands such as "forward 10 units" and "turn right 90 degrees."
In 1972 the first e-mail program is developed Ray Tomlinson of BBN.
Robert Metcalfe creates the Ethernet at the Xerox Palo Alto Research Center (PARC) on May 22, 1973.
Shugart Associates of Sunnyvale, Calif., ships its first 8" floppy disks. Replacing punched cards as a data entry medium, the reusable plastic/ oxide disks weigh less than two ounces and store programs and files.
DARPA (Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency) developed the TCP/IP protocol suite which was to become the backbone of the language used to communicate on what we today call the "WWW" or World Wide Web.
MITS, Inc. advertises one of the first microcomputers, the Altair. Named for the destination in an episode of Star Trek, the Altair is sold in kits for less than $400. Although initially it has no keyboard, no monitor, no permanent memory, and no software, 4,000 orders are taken within the first three months.
Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak build the first Apple computer. A subsequent version, the Apple II, is an immediate success. Adopted by elementary schools, high schools, and colleges, for many students the Apple II is their first contact with the world of computers.
Nintendo releases its first video game
"Released in 1979 by Micropro International, WordStar was the first commercially successful word processing software program produced for microcomputers and the best selling software program of the early eighties."
IBM 3380 Disk System was introduced - “Hard disks are an essential part of the computer revolution, allowing fast, random access to large amounts of data. IBM announced its most successful mainframe hard disk (what IBM called a “Direct Access Storage Device (DASD)” in June of 1980, actually shipping units the following year.”
Although they flourished in the 1990s, the 80s also marked the beginning of a growing influence in postmodernism/constructivism in academic culture when it comes to instructional design with the rise of constructivist theories.
With the development of electronic games, research looks at the impact of these games on children's learning.
IBM is the first mainframe manufacturer to develop a PC; drill and practice CAI gains acceptance in schools; the cold war continues. The first educational drill and practice programs are developed for personal computers.
MD Merrill established The Component Display Theory. Component Display Theory specifies four primary presentation forms: rules, examples, recall and practice as well as prerequisites, objectives, helps, mnemonics, and feedback.
Commodore - “introduces the Commodore 64 … came with 64KB of RAM and featured impressive graphics.”
31 states use 13,000 PCs for career guidance, but there are still relatively few computers in classrooms; the Apple Macintosh computer is developed; computer-based tutorials and learning games are developed by commercial software manufacturers.
Apple Computer launched the Macintosh - “The first successful mouse-driven computer with a graphic user interface, with a single $1.5 million commercial during the 1984 Super Bowl.”
David Kolb publishes Experiential Learning: Experiences as the Source of Learning and Development.
C++ Programming Language emerged - “Stroustrup wrote in the preface to "The C++ Programming Language": "C++ is a general purpose programming language designed to make programming more enjoyable for the serious programmer.”
"Tim Berners-Lee, a researcher at CERN, the high-energy physics laboratory in Geneva, developed HyperText Markup Language. "
Windows 3.0 included versions of Microsoft Word and Excel
SCORE! Delivers Courseware Personalized to Teachers and Subjects Summary: The SCORE! Educational Center, now a part of Kaplan, developed courseware that provided a customized curriculum for students and teachers. These packages lead to the creation of online learning community boards, like Blackboard and Desire 2 Learn.
Mosaic web browser is released allowing access to content on the internet.
With the increase of computer use in schools and some schools creating a dedicated technology time for students, the creation of personal computers capable of running programs that combined video, animation, audio and graphics relaxed the learning barrier for students. Instead of learning to type from a teacher dictated paragraph, a student could interact with a graphic interface.
Yahoo is founded and became one the Internet’s most popular search engines.
Short for World Wide Web Consortium, W3C is an organization founded by Tim Bernes-Lee in 1994 to help with the development of common protocols for the evolution of the World Wide Web.
The multi-volume Encyclopedia Britannica set was slimmed down to a simple CD-ROM. It’s introduction into school with multimedia compatible computers created a better opportunity for students partaking in individual study.
Dorsey, Goodrum, and Schwen develop another system of instructional design with the introduction of Rapid Prototyping. Rapid prototyping involve learners and/or subject matter experts (SMEs) interacting with prototypes and instructional designers in a continuous review/revision cycle.
An international governing board sets a group of standard skills and knowledge a student needs to learn to effectively interact and be productive in a digital era. These standards have been updated over the years go keep up with changes in technology and education.
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