Hans Lippershey designs the first refracting telescope in 1608. Based on this design, one yaer later, Galileo creates the first telescope.
Galileo Galilei notices Jupiter's four moons by using the telescope giving evidence of the heliocentric model.
Logarithms are introduced by John Napier as a mathematical operation to simplify calculations.
1. The Law of Ellipses 2. The Law of Equal Areas 3. The Law of Harmonies.
Cornelius Drebbel builds the world's first known submarine, which is propelled by oars.
A calculating tool invented by William Oughtred. This invention was made possible by John Napier's invention of logarithms.
Giovanni Branca is remembered today for what some commentators have taken to be an early steam turbine. Branca designed many different mechanical inventions which were later published in book form under the title "Le machine".
Invented by Wiliam Gascoigne it was used in a telescope to measure angular distances between stars and the relative sizes of celestial objects.
Blaise Pascal invents an adding machine: the first calculating machine in the world from which there is any evidence.
Evangelista Torricelli invents the first barometer (known as the "Torricelli's tube"), an instrument for measuring atmospheric pressure.
In 1649, Otto von Guericke inventes the spool vacuum air pump, a device for pushing air.
Christiaan Huygens invents the pendulum clock. Huygens was inspired by investigations of pendulums by Galileo Galilei which began around 1602. The introduction of the pendulum increased the accuracy of clocks enormously (from about 15 minutes per day to 15 seconds per day).
Blaise Pascal invents a horse-drawn public bus which has a regular route, schedule and a fare system.
Robert Hooke discoveres a multitude of tiny pores that he named "cells". In his book "Micrographia" he gave 60 detailed observations of various objects under a coarse compound microscope.
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society is a scientific journal published by the Royal Society created in 1665, becoming the world's first magazine dedicated exclusively to science.
Jean-Baptiste Denys performes the first fully documented human blood transfusion (xenotransfusion). He was the personal physician to King Louis XIV.
The Newtonian Telescope is a type of reflecting telescope invented by the British scientist Sir Isaac Newton, which uses a concave primary mirror and a flat diagonal secondary mirror.
A digital mechanical calculator invented by the German mathematician Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz. It was the first calculator that could perform all four arithmetic operations.
Sir Isaac Newton discovers that white light is a spectrum of a mixture of distinct coloured rays.
In 1675, Christiaan Huygens (inventor of the Pendulum Clock) patents a pocket watch. Those watches, made in Paris, used a spiral spring that he invented.
Anton van Leeuwenhoek was the first to make important microorganisms observations with microscopes constructed by himself.
It's the mathematical study of change. Isaac Newton developed the use of calculus. Leibniz was the first to publish his results on the development of calculus.
Ole Rømer demostrates that light has a finite speed by timing the eclipses of the Jupiter moon "Io". Rømer estimated that light would take about 22 minutes to travel a distance equal to the diameter of Earth's orbit around the Sun. This would give light a velocity of about 220,000 kilometres per second, about 26% lower than the true value.
A book written by Isaac Newton which contains the description of the fundamental force of universal gravitation and the three physical laws of motion.
Thomas Newcomen creates the Newcomen machine or atmospheric engine advised by Robert Hooke, who was physician, and John Calley, who was a mechanical.
Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit invents the mercury-in-glass or mercury thermometer in Amsterdam. It consists of a bulb containing mercury attached to a glass tube of narrow diameter; the volume of mercury in the tube is much less than the volume of the bulb.
In 1714, Henry Mill obtaines a patent in Britain for a machine that, from the patent's drawing, appears to have been similar to a typewriter.
Fahrenheit proposes the Fahrenheit temperature scale which uses Fahrenheit degrees (°F) as unit. The temperature at which water freezes into ice is defined as 32 °F and the boiling point of water is defined as 212 °F.
Anders Celsius defines the current temperature scale. Celsius temperature scale, also called centigrade temperature scale, is based on 0° for the freezing point of water and 100° for the boiling point of water.
Ewald Jürgen Georg von Kleist invents the Leyden jar, a device that "stores" static electricity between two electrodes on the inside and outside of a glass jar. It was the original form of a capacitor, known as a condenser.
In 1751 Jean Baptiste le Rond d'Alembert and Denis Diderot initiate the project Encyclopédie, the first French encyclopedia: a written compilation of knowledge and the ideas of the Enlightenment.
Click on "Find out more" to see Benjamin Franklin's experiment with a kite and a key about lighting and electricity. With this idea, one year later, he invented the lightning rod.
Johann Heinrich Lambert demostrates the Irrationality of Pi. The demostration is a bit complicated but if you want to take a look on it, click on "Find out more"
James Hargreaves invents the Spinning Jenny, a multi-spindle spinning frame. It was one of the key developments in the Industrial Revolution. The device reduced the amount of work needed to produce yarn, with one worker able to work eight or more spools at once.
Nicolas-Joseph Cugnot invents his "fardier à vapeur", an experimental steam-driven artillery tractor: The first working self-propelled mechanical vehicle, the world's first automobile.
The first submarine that is propelled by screws, and the first military submarine to attempt an attack on a ship, Turtle, is built by David Bushnell.
Jacques Charles and Les Frères Robert (Anne-Jean Robert and Nicolas-Louis Robert) launch the first Hydrogen balloon. The balloon flew northwards for 45 minutes, pursued by chasers on horsebacks, and landed 21 kilometres away in the village of Gonesse where the reportedly terrified local peasants attacked it with pitchforks and knives and destroyed it.
Claude François Jouffroy d'Abbans builts the"Pyroscaphe", a boat propelled by a double-acting steam machine and sidewheels, which was therefore a paddle steamed boat.
Edmund Cartwright designs his first power loom and one year later he patented it, but it proved to be worthless. In 1789, he patented another loom which served as the model for later inventors to work upon.
Antoine Lavoisier publishes his "Traité Élémentaire de Chimie" in which he formulates the law of conservation of mass, the basis of modern chemistry.
The SI or metric system is first implemented during the French Revolution with just the metre and kilogram as standards of length and mass respectively.
Edward Jenner becomes the pioneer of smallpox vaccine, the world's first vaccine. The terms "vaccine" and "vaccination" are derived from "Variolae vaccinae" (smallpox of the cow).
Hanaoka Seishū is said to have been the first to perform surgery using general anesthesia.
Henry Cavendish performed his famous experiment of the torsion balance and get measured the value of the gravitational constant. If you want to read about the experiment click on "Find out more".
Alessandro Volta discovers electrochemical series and invents the battery.
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