Warschauer (1996) divided the development of CALL in three phrases;xNLx;1. Behavioristics;xNLx;2. Communicative;xNLx;3. Integrative (Multimedia & Internet
Behavioristic is defined by the then-dominant behavioristic theories of learning of Skinner as well as the technological limitations of computers by this year. Because repeated exposure to material was concidered to be beneficial or even essentials, computers were considered ideal for this aspect of learning as the machines did not get bored or impatient with learners and the computer could present material to the student as his/her own pace and even adapt the drills to the level of the student.
Communicative is based on the communicative approach that became prominent in the late 1970's and 1980's.. In the communicative approach, the focus is on using the language rather than analysis of the language, teaching grammar implicity. It also allowed for originality and flexibility in student output of language.
Starting from 1990's, tries to address these criticisms by integrating the teaching of language skills into tasks or projects to provide direction and coherence. It also coincides with the development of multimedia technology (providing text, graphics, sound, and animation) as well as computer-mediated communication. CALL in this period saw a definite shift of use of computer for drill and tutorial purposes (computer as a finite authoritative base for specific task) to a medium for extending education beyond the classroom and reorganizing instruction
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