[Source](https://www.llas.ac.uk/resources/gpg/61)
Bulky computers. Access through terminals in the campus Big projects; huge funding; teams of experts; universities and research centres PLATO (University of Illinois) TICCIT (Brigham Young University) Stony Brook (State University of New York) Influenced by Programmed Instruction Drills Linear development Whole language courses, substitute for the class
Popularization of PC´s Teachers designed their own CALL programs (BASIC, HyperCard) Independent activities, supplement to the classroom More communicative activities, simulations ATHENA (MIT) Camile (UK, France, Spain, Netherlands) Communicative activities demand linguistic competence Knowledge representation Grammar
Increasing cooperation between CALL and Computational Linguistics ICALL Cooperation still incipient Restricted mainly to parsers
CALL's origins can be traced back to the 1960s. Up until the late 1970s CALL projects were confined mainly to universities, where computer programs were developed on large mainframe computers. The PLATO project, initiated at the University of Illinois in 1960, is an important landmark in the early development of CALL (Marty 1981). In the late 1970s, the arrival of the personal computer (PC) brought computing within the range of a wider audience, resulting in a boom in the development of CALL programs and a flurry of publications. Early CALL favoured an approach that drew heavily on practices associated with programmed instruction. This was reflected in the term Computer Assisted Language Instruction (CALI), which originated in the USA and was in common use until the early 1980s, when CALL became the dominant term. There was initially a lack of imagination and skill on the part of programmers, a situation that was rectified to a considerable extent by the publication of an influential seminal work by Higgins & Johns (1984), which contained numerous examples of alternative approaches to CALL. Throughout the 1980s CALL widened its scope, embracing the communicative approach and a range of new technologies. CALL has now established itself as an important area of research in higher education: see the joint EUROCALL/CALICO/IALLT Research Policy Statement: http://www.eurocall-languages.org /research/research_policy.htm. See also the History of CALL website: http://www.history-of-call.org/.
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