Yellow Peril was a color metaphor for East Asians, reflecting the belief that the mass immigration of Asians threatened white wages and standards of living. (Dates are approximate)
The Anarchist Exclusion Act is brought into force, excluding from entry into the United States those immigrants who are deemed to be anarchists or political extremists. This act would also provide later framework for the exclusion of Asian immigrants.
The Naturalization Act of 1906 standardizes naturalization procedures and introduces a language requirement for immigrants seeking to gain permanent residency in the United States of America.
Added people with physical or mental defects or tuberculosis, illiterates, persons of psychopathic inferiority, men as well as women entering for immoral purposes, alcoholics, stowaways, and vagrants, and children unaccompanied by parents to the exclusion list. Japanese immigration became restricted.
An informal agreement based on anti-Japanese nativism.between the United States and Japan whereby Japan would not allow further emigration to the U.S (by not issuing passports for citizens wishing to work in the US). In exchange, the United States agreed to accept the presence of Japanese immigrants already residing in America, and to permit the immigration of wives, children and parents, and to avoid legal discrimination against Japanese children in California schools. There was also a strong desire on the part of the Japanese government "to preserve the image of the Japanese people in the eyes of the world".
Immigration legislation in the United States bars all citizens of Asian nations from entering the country. The U.S. institutes a policy of literacy tests for immigrants entering the country. These tests consist of having the potential entrant read several lines of the constitution in the language of their choice, including recognized dialects. Occasionally, immigrants with a male relative who was able to pass the test were allowed to forego it. A “temporary workers” clause provided a loophole through which agricultural business leaders could bring in foreign labor that might otherwise be denied visas.
gave the President power, during a time of national emergency or war, to prevent departure from or entry into the United States. Extended in 1941.
The draft constitution for the International Labor Organisation is produced, setting the stage for the creation and adoption of such conventions as would later be enacted by countries adhering to its standards. The genesis of this organisation can be traced back to a recognition that migration would become a preeminent issue in the decades to follow.
Congress restricts immigration levels to 3% of the number of individuals from a given country currently residing in the United States. These quotas were also heavily racially-based, with special exclusion for Chinese immigrants and broader general categories of non-European countries so as to limit the number of “undesirable” races entering the country.
Female US citizens who married foreign unnaturalizable men would lose their citizenship (US citizen men would not lose their citizenship through marriage). The Cable Act reflected a fear of foreigners, and ended in 1936.
Ozawa was an Asian-American applying for naturalization by classifying himself as Caucasian based on the physically "white" color of his skin and his degree of cultural assimilation. The Supreme Court ruled against his naturalization, stating that he is not Caucasian and that physical skin color is a spectrum on which a line cannot be drawn. Their rationales for who is "white" and who is not are based on "common knowledge" and "scientific evidence".
Thind was a high caste Indian who argued that he was anthropologically Caucasian and should be eligible for naturalization under the Ozawa "scientific evidence" standard. The Supreme Court did not accept this, relying now on a standard of common knowledge alone to determine race. It set the precedent of racialization of the immigration procedure.
A conference on International Emigration and Immigration was held in Rome. The goal of this conference, attended by the governments of 59 states, was to search for a solution to problems posed by international labor migration. The attendees focused on creating a system of guarantees to protect the interests of foreign laborers and the legitimate interests of the workers of the host countries.
Created a permanent quota system (that of 1921 was only temporary), reducing the 1921 annual quota from 358,000 to 164,000. In addition, the Act reduced the immigration limit from 3 percent to 2 percent of each foreign-born group living in the United States in 1890. The quota system did not apply to countries in the Western Hemisphere. The United States did not want to alienate its neighbors, and it needed workers, especially those from Mexico. American immigration policies failed to distinguish between immigrants and refugees in the quota counts. The Act also established the Border Patrol.
A follow-up conference in Havana to the International Emigration and Immigration Conference addressed the demand for codification of migration law and resulted in the Director General of the ILO, Albert Thomas, proposing a program that would delineate measures for organization of the recruitment and placement of foreign workers and the creation of a standardized model labor contract.
As many as 500,000 people of Mexican descent were forced or pressured to leave the US without due process. Some 35,000 were deported, amongst many hundreds of thousands of other immigrants who were deported during this period.
The establishment of a National Origins Formula caps total immigration into the United States per year at 150,000, and additionally restricts by race the proportion of immigrants from various races allowed into the country. While the legislation ostensibly improves upon the failings of its previous incarnation of the Emergency Quota Act, it trades making illegal certain races for certain nationalities in an equally underhanded way.
The Maintenance of Migrants’ Pension Rights Convention is held at the sponsorship of the ILO. This convention differed significantly from other conventions in that its main focus was the creation of rights for migrant workers, rather than the implementation of regulations regarding labor in the constituent countries.
The ILO adopts its first convention regarding the rights of migrant workers, convention 66, Migration for Employment. The impetus for this convention came from the members’ recognition that labor standards were an issue in dire need of address. The convention proposed certain standards of access to information and assistance for migrant workers in their host countries, as well as equal treatment with nationals of the host country. Though it was never adopted, the principles of the convention were cannibalized and reformulated in the successful 1949 convention regarding the employment of migrant workers.
The ILO Governing Body renews the mandate of its Permanent Migration Committee.
Directed a consular officer to refuse a visa to any alien seeking to enter the United States for the purpose of engaging in activities which would endanger the safety of the United States.
The United States implements the Bracero program, which, at its peak in 1956, brought over 445,000 Latin American workers, primarily of Mexican origin, into the United States. It was significant for changing the general flow of immigration from seasonal and migratory to a more permanent fixture, with immigrants coming and remaining in the areas where they worked rather than returning home after a period of time.
Hirabayashi challenged his punishment under Executive Order 9066, which provided for curfews, exclusion, and internment of Japanese-Americans. The Court ruled that curfews against minorities are constitutional when the US is at war with the country of origin of the minority. Hirabayashi's convictions were overturned in 1986.
The Chinese Exclusion Repeal Act is passed, ending the formal restriction on Chinese entrance into the United States. A confluence of several important factors enabled this legislation to come into law. First, the Chinese had become a favored minority during World War II, when anti-Japanese sentiment placed the two groups in juxtaposition, with the Chinese as the favored of the two. The passing of this act, then, was a reward for good behavior of sorts. Second, and possibly more importantly, the realities of a post-World War II international climate and the advent of the Cold War meant that United States foreign policy was informed by the singular goal of making America appear attractive in comparison to the USSR to emerging countries deciding between democracy and communism as their governing ideology.
Provided for the importation of temporary workers from countries in the Western Hemisphere pursuant to agreements with such countries for employment in industries and services essential to the war efforts. Agreements were subsequently made with British Honduras, Jamaica, Barbados, and the British West Indies.
Challenged Executive Order 9066 (which allowed for exclusion zones by local military leaders and the internment of Japanese-Americans). The Court deferred to Congress and the military, holding that in terms of exclusion orders, the need to protect against espionage outweighed Korematsu's individual rights and the rights of Japanese-Americans. It was later overturned due to false evidence on the part of the Solicitor General. 120,000 Japanese-Americans were interned without regards to their status as US citizens.
The War Brides Act allows for the spouses and adopted children of US military veterans to become themselves American citizens. Bans surrounding Asian immigration and restrictions encoded in race and nationality quotas were temporarily lifted to accommodate the provisions of this act.
Procedures were adopted to facilitate immigration of foreign-born wives, fiance(e)s, husbands, and children of U.S. armed forces personnel (Date not exact)
The Permanent Migration Committee pinpoints the resumption of emigration policies as an essential part of postwar reconstruction, with special focus on the countries of Greece, Italy, and India.
Provided for the expulsion and exclusion of anarchists and similar classes, and gave the Attorney General similar powers to exclude as the Secretary of State had through the refusal of immigration visas.
First expression of U.S. policy for admitting persons fleeing persecution. Permitted the admission of up to 205,000 displaced persons during the two-year period beginning July 1, 1948 (chargeable against future year’s quotas). Aimed at reducing the problem created by the presence in Germany, Austria, and Italy of more than one million displaced
Made available suspension of deportation to aliens even though they were ineligible for naturalization by reason of race. Set condition for suspension of deportation that an alien shall have proved good moral character for the preceding five years, and that the Attorney General finds that deportation would result in serious economic detriment to a citizen or legal resident and closely related alien, or the alien has resided continuously in the United States for seven years or more.
A set of standards for migrant laborers is adopted by signatories of ILO Convention No. 97, a rehashing of ILO Convention No. 66, Migration for Employment. It adopts a more coherent and concrete set of standards for migrant workers in their host countries, as well as a set of rights to which they are entitled even in the absence of citizenship. Moreover, in the interest of international cooperation in a post-war world, the Committee at which they Convention was adopted requested a series of standardised bilateral agreement between labor-exchanging countries in the spirit of protecting the interests both of the host country and of the sending countries.
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Addressed protection of immigrants and emigrants during departure, arrival, and en route
Expanded grounds for alien exclusion, deportation, and detention, mostly tightening regulations against Communists. Aliens were required to report their address annually, so that the government was able to keep track of them.
Originally given a three-year mandate with the intention of resettling displaced WWII refugees. Over the next two decades, the organization realized that refugee work was a permanent problem.
An intergovernmental organization originally established to arrange transport for migrants uprooted by WWII.Today, it is an international agency working with governments and civil society to “advance the understanding of migration issues, encourage social and economic development through migration, and uphold the human dignity and well-being of migrants.”
Article 69 contained basic measures for freedom of movement for specific workers
Officially defines the term “refugee” as “a person who is outside his or her country of nationality or habitual residence; has a well-founded fear of being persecuted because of his or her race, religion, nationality, membership of a particular social group or political opinion; and is unable or unwilling to avail him or herself of the protection of that country, or to return there, for fear of persecution”. Outlines the rights of refugees and legal obligation of states toward them, including the principle of non-refoulement (a refugee should not be returned to a country where he/she faces serious threats to his/her life or freedom), the right to not be punished for illegal entry, the rights to work, housing, education, public assistance, access to courts, identity documents, and freedom of movement and religion.
Legal immigrants entitled to same rights as nationals in terms of remuneration, accommodation, unions, social security (with some limitations)
This amendment made it a felony to bring an alien into the US unlawfully, thus holding transporters responsible. Border Patrol was given the authority to access private lands (though not dwellings) around a border to prevent illegal entry.
The INA codified all pre-existing immigration law. All races were made eligible for immigration or citizenship, and the Asiatic Barred Zone (a ban on immigrants from a region including most of eastern Asia and the Pacific Islands) was abolished. Country quotas were reinforced, with the Northern and Western Europe quotas accounting for 85% of all immigrants. Restrictions were tightened on immigrants from British colonies, to limit the entry of black West Indians from entering under the British quota. The non-quota immigrant class was enlarged to admit husbands of American women.
205,000 special nonquota US visas were created for refugees, Communist escapees, and German expellees. Fewer Palestinians and Asians were also admitted. First time that the word “refugee” appears in US law
A repatriation effort by INS (Immigration and Naturalization Service), targeting Mexican illegal immigrants in the southwestern United States. Citizenship checks, house raids, and racial profiling led to widespread allegations of abuse and civil rights violations.
Introduces freedom of mobility for intra-Nordic labor migration – may live and work under same conditions as own citizens, no passport or visa required. Extended same social rights – health care, child care, pension, unemployment benefits – as host country nationals
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-Established facilitation of entry by nationals of the other Parties for temporary visits and permanent residence, lawful residents could only be expelled for endangerment of national security or offense of public order, especially if they have lived there for a long time, and had the same private rights as nationals of host country
Following the 1956 Hungarian Revolution and Soviet invansion, Eisenhower grants parole to almost 40,000 Hungarian refugees. In 1958, the Hungarian Escape Act allows them to adjust to immigrant status. (Dates may not be exact)
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