The Internet as a Battlefield

World Policy Journal highlights Europe's major regulations on the Internet and telecommunications. It complements a Conversation the magazine hosted with Amelia Andersdotter, Swedish Pirate Party leader and advocate for Internet freedoms.

1995-01-24 16:01:24

The Right to Data Protection

Directive 95/46/EC, or "Data Protection Directive" on the protection of individuals with regard to the processing of personal data and on the free movement of such data. It is for the common core, for every European country, concerning protection of personal data. It sets up a regulatory framework which seeks to strike a balance between a high level of protection for the privacy of individuals and the free movement of personal data within the E.U. The Directive sets strict limits on the collection and use of personal data, and demands that each Member State set up an independent national body responsible for the protection of these data. A directive is a legal act of the European Union, which requires member states to achieve a particular result without dictating the means of achieving that result. Each country can elaborate its own laws to apply these rules.

2001-11-23 16:01:24

Council of Europe : Convention on Cybercrime

The Council of Europe is not a E.U institution but the Convention, although highly criticized, is the first international treaty on crimes committed via the Internet and other computer networks, dealing particularly with infringements of copyright, computer-related fraud, and violations of network security. It contains a series of powers and procedures such as the search of computer networks and lawful interception. It was signed by 30 states.

2002-07-30 16:01:24

Directive on Privacy and Electronic Communications

Directive 2002/58 focuses on “right to privacy in the electronic communication sector” and free movement of data, communication equipment, and services. It is the continuation of the Data Protection Directive and deals with the regulation of a number of important issues such as confidentiality of information, treatment of traffic data, spam, and cookies. This Directive contains provisions that are necessary to ensure that users can trust the services and technologies they use to communicate electronically. The main provisions apply to spam. For the first time, it makes clear that privacy not only applies to physical but also legal persons.

2006-05-03 16:01:24

Data Retention Directive

Directive 2006/24/EC of the European Parliament, related to telecommunications data retention, amended the 2002 Directive. Member states have to store citizens' telecommunications data for a minimum of 6 months and a maximum of 24 months. The police and security agencies of each member state will be able to request access to details such as IP address and time of use of every email, phone call, and text message sent or received. A permission to access the information will be granted only by a court. On April 8, 2014, the Court of Justice of the European Union declared the Directive invalid in response to a case brought by Digital Rights Ireland against the Irish authorities and others.

2009-12-19 16:01:24

The Cookie Directive

Directive 2009/136 also amended the 2002 one. This Directive was prompted in part by concerns about online tracking of individuals and the use of spyware. It is known for implementing the consent for storage or access to information stored on a subscriber or users terminal equipment – in other words a requirement to obtain consent for cookies and similar technologies. It went into force in 2011.

2012-01-01 16:01:24

European Commission and Data Protection

The European Commission revealed a draft of its European Data Protection Regulation, a reform of the EU's 1995 data protection rules that aims at strengthening online privacy rights and boosting Europe's digital economy. As the 27 E.U. states implemented the directive differently, it resulted in significant divergences between countries. The project of a single law aims at reducing the costly administrative burdens and the fragmentations.

2013-11-22 16:01:24

European Parliament and Data Protection

The European Parliament accepted the draft for the European Data Protection Regulation, submitted by the European Commission. By doing so, the Parliament allowed the European Commission to unify data protection within the E.U. with a single law, the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), and amended this law which should be adopted in 2015.

2014-05-13 16:01:24

The "Right to be Forgotten"

On May 13, 2014, the Court of Justice of the European Union issued a landmark ruling on the 'right to be forgotten', in relation to online search engines. It allows European citizens to approach search engine operators, like Google or Bing, in order to request a particular result be removed or hidden.

The Internet as a Battlefield

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