1. Ancient DNA rewrites history 4000000000 BC - 2045;xNLx;2. Nepohualtzintzin 3000 BC - 2045;xNLx;3. Ancient Abacus 2700 BC-2045;xNLx;4. Antikythera Mechanism 0205 BC-1901;xNLx;5. Astrolabe 0200 BC-1650;xNLx;6. Slide Rule 1630-1976 ;xNLx;7. Jacquard Loom 1801-2045;xNLx;8. Boolean Search 1847-2045;xNLx;9. Babbage, Lovelace, The Engine 1813-2002;xNLx;10. Hollerith Card 1889-2000 ;xNLx;11. Code Talkers 1918-1945;xNLx;12. Alan Turing 1936-1954;xNLx;13. Hedy Lamarr 1941-2045;xNLx;14. Admiral Grace Hopper 1943-1992 ;xNLx;15. Human Computers 1943-1986;xNLx;16. Moore’s Law 1960-2022 ;xNLx;17. 5 Computer Generations 1960-2022 ;xNLx;18. Radia Perlma 1984-2035;xNLx;19. CRISPR 2013-2045
The astrolabe is a very ancient astronomical computer for solving problems relating to time and the position of the Sun and stars in the sky. It was developed in the Middle East and was used for hundreds of years for navigation and to tell time.
Scientists have finally demystified the incredible workings of a 2,000-year-old astronomical calculator built by ancient Greeks. A new analysis of the Antikythera Mechanism, a clock-like machine consisting of more than 30 precise, hand-cut bronze gears, show it to be more advanced than previously thought—so much so that nothing comparable was built for another thousand years.
In its simplest form, the slide rule adds and subtracts lengths in order to calculate a total distance. But slide rules can also handle multiplication and division, find square roots, and do other sophisticated calculations. For generations of engineers, technicians and scientists, the slide rule was an essential part of their daily lives.
In 1642, at the age of 18, Pascal invented and built the first digital calculator as a means of helping his father perform tedious tax accounting.
In 1801 the Frenchman Joseph Marie Jacquard invented a power loom that could base its weave (and hence the design on the fabric) upon a pattern automatically read from punched wooden cards, held together in a long row by rope. Descendents of these punched cards have been in use ever since (remember the "hanging chad" from the Florida presidential ballots of the year 2000?).
George Boole was a British mathematician whose work on logic laid many of the foundations for the digital revolution. His development of 'Boolean logic' paved the way for the computer age.
The genius of Charles Babbage is that he was able to fully design the first working computers without ever having built them. The genius of Ada Lovelace is that she designed software and algorithms for the computers which were never actually built during their lifetimes. The machines were built 150 years later from Babbage's original drawings and specifications. The outcome can be seen in the video to the left.
Herman Hollerith invented and used a punched card device to help analyze the 1890 US census data. Herman Hollerith's great breakthrough was his use of electricity to read, count, and sort punched cards whose holes represented data gathered by the census-takers. His machines were used for the 1890 census and accomplished in one year what would have taken nearly ten years of hand tabulating. In 1896, Herman Hollerith founded the Tabulating Machine Company to sell his invention, the Company became part of IBM in 1924.
During World War I and World War II, hundreds of American Indians joined the United States armed forces and used words from their traditional tribal languages as weapons. The United States military asked them to develop secret battle communications based on their languages—and America’s enemies never deciphered the coded messages they sent. “Code Talkers,” as they came to be known after World War II, are twentieth-century American Indian warriors and heroes who significantly aided the victories of the United States and its allies.
Alan Turing is often called the father of modern computing. He was a brilliant mathematician and logician. He developed the idea of the modern computer and artificial intelligence. During the Second World War he worked for the government breaking the enemies codes and Churchill said he shortened the war by two years.
Grace Hopper was there at the very beginning of the modern computer era. She invented the compiler which allowed for programming languages which could be compiled to and from the machine language. This was the era of vacuum tubes when computers occupied an entire building. She is responsible for the term "computer bug" when a moth entered the hardware and caused it to malfunction.
'Secret Communications System' In 1942, during the heyday of her career, Lamarr earned recognition in a field quite different from entertainment. She and her friend, the composer George Antheil, received a patent for an idea of a radio signaling device, or "Secret Communications System," which was a means of changing radiofrequencies to keep enemies from decoding messages. Originally designed to defeat the German Nazis, the system became an important step in the development of technology to maintain the security of both military communications and cellular phones.
Every couple years, computers halve in size and cost while doubling in power. 1First Generation The period of first generation: 1946-1959. Vacuum tube based. 2Second Generation The period of second generation: 1959-1965. Transistor based. 3Third Generation The period of third generation: 1965-1971. Integrated Circuit based. 4Fourth Generation The period of fourth generation: 1971-1980. VLSI microprocessor based. 5Fifth Generation The period of fifth generation: 1980-onwards. ULSI microprocessor based.
Radia Perlman has played a key role in driving the growth and development of the Internet. Her best known contribution came in 1985: the Spanning-Tree Protocol (STP), which transformed Ethernet from a technology limited to a few hundred nodes confined in a single building, into a technology that can create large networks with hundreds of thousands of nodes spread over a large area.
00:00 00:31 CRISPR (short for “clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats”) is a technology that research scientists use to selectively modify the DNA of living organisms. CRISPR was adapted for use in the laboratory from naturally occurring genome editing systems found in bacteria.
Molecular computation has shown promise in the creation of programmable, responsive biological systems.
The term singularity describes the moment when a civilization changes so much that its rules and technologies are incomprehensible to previous generations It.is based on the premise that the human species in its current form does not represent the end of our development but rather a comparatively early phase.
An abacus is a calculating instrument that uses beads that slide along a series of wires or rods set in a frame to represent the decimal places. It is the ancestor of the modern digital calculator. Used by merchants in the Middle Ages throughout Europe and the Arabic world, it was gradually replaced by arithmetic based on Hindu-Arabic numerals. Though rarely used in Europe past the 18th century, it is still used in the Middle East, China, and Japan.
INTERPRETING ANCIENT DNA—a scientific approach that has grown powerfully during the past decade—reveals that human history is a story of mixing and migration at a scale and complexity that no one previously imagined. Waves of people and genes have flowed across oceans and continents for millennia, creating a mosaic of admixture. Genetically, “race” is a broken concept, this work shows, because every population is a mixture of other populations—which are themselves mixtures of still earlier populations.
The Nepohualtzintzin is a pre-hispanic computer which was destroyed by the Spanish and rediscovered in the 1950's by David Esparza Hidaldo.
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