Actions outside the immediate control of the Arctic dramatically shape its future on challenges including governance, climate change, water, biodiversity, indigenous peoples, commercial development, shipping, natural resources, and security. The region’s future depends on a better global understanding of the consequences of decisions made outside of as well as within the region.
On October 1, 1987 Mikhail Gorbachev launches the Murmansk Initiative.
In June 1991, the Arctic Environmental Protection Strategy (AEPS) is established in Rovaniemi, Finland as a predecessor to the the Arctic Council.
In 1996 the Ottawa Declaration formally established the Arctic Council, a high-level intergovernmental forum to promote cooperation, coordination, and interaction among the Arctic States (Canada, Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, Russia, Sweden, and the United States).
On September 19, 1996 the Iqaluit Declaration is adopted by the Arctic Council, the first ministerial meeting to be held by the Arctic Council since its establishment.
On October 13, 2000 the Barrow Declaration is adopted at the Second Ministerial Meeting of the Arctic Council.
On September 10, 2002 the Inari Declaration is adopted at the Third Ministerial Meeting of the Arctic Council.
On June 9, 2004 the Reykjavik Declaration is adopted at the Fourth Ministerial Meeting of the Arctic Council.
In 2006, The Arctic Council issued the first annual Arctic Report Card, compiled and verified by a global group of 20 scientists and which reviews environmental conditions of the previous five years relative to those in the latter part of the 20th century.
On August 2, 2007 the Russian explorer, Artur Chilingarov, made a symbolic claim to the North Pole. Descending in the Mir 1 submersible to the seabed below the North Pole, he planted the Russian flag.
On May 28, 2008 the Ilulissat Declaration is adopted by five Arctic coastal states: Canada, Denmark, Norway, Russia, and the United States. The five coastal states agreed "to the orderly settlement of any possible overlapping claims."
In April, 2009 the ICC adopted the Circumpolar Inuit Declaration on Sovereignty in the Arctic.
In 2010, Russia and Norway signed the Treaty on Maritime Delimitation and Cooperation in the Barents Sea and Arctic Ocean in Murmansk, Russia. The Treaty ended a 40 year-old boundary dispute opening a path to cooperation on fisheries and petroleum deposits across the delimitation line.
On July 2, 2010 the Inuit Circumpolar Council (ICC) adopts the the Nuuk Declaration.
On May 11 2011, the ICC released the Declaration one day prior to the Arctic Council meeting in Nuuk Greenland. The Declaration seeks to ensure that extraction and use of Arctic resources is conducted in a sustainable manner, and that Inuit are beneficiaries of development.
On May 15, 2013 at the Kiruna Ministerial Meeting in Sweden, the Arctic Council signed the Agreement on Cooperation on Marine Oil Pollution Preparedness and Response.
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