Urban PlanningHistory

11289

Industrial city

1800-01-01 03:38:25

1800's

11289

Transit emerges

1800-02-01 11:08:40

1800s

11294

Gas Street Lighting

1805-01-01 03:38:25

Early 1800's

11294

NY ferries

1814-01-01 03:38:25

The Fulton Ferry was the first ferry route connecting Manhattan and Brooklyn, New York City, United States, joining Fulton Street (Manhattan) and Fulton Street (Brooklyn) across the East River.

http://fultonferry.org/history/

11295

Friedrich Engels

1820-07-18 21:19:16

1895-07-18 21:19:16

“(1820-1895) was a friend, partner and supporter of Karl Marx and one of the founders of the international Communist movement who, early in life, chronicled the deplorable conditions of the working class in Manchester in 1844.”

LeGates, I. T., & Stout, F. (2007).The city reader. (4 ed., pp. ix-xxii). New York: Urban Reader Series.Retrieved from

11295

Frederick Law Olmstead

1822-01-01 00:00:00

1903-12-31 00:00:00

“(1822-1903) was a social reformer, landscape architect, and founder of the parks movement in America.”

Source: LeGates, I. T., & Stout, F. (2007).The city reader. (4 ed., pp. ix-xxii). New York: Urban Reader Series.Retrieved from http://books.google.com/books/feeds/volumes?q=978-0-415-77084-2

11295

B.W. Richardson

1828-01-01 00:00:00

1896-01-01 00:00:00

(1828-1896) was a British physician, anaesthetist, physiologist, and sanitarian, who generated many writings on medical history. His most famous work was Hygeia, A City of Health written in 1876.

Source: http://www.fullbooks.com/Hygeia-a-City-of-Health.html

11294

Commuter Railroads and Telegraphs

1830-01-01 03:38:25

1840-11-01 14:30:34

1830's

11294

Telegraghs

1830-11-01 00:00:00

11290

Engels Condition of the Working Class

1844-05-28 01:29:19

11295

Ebenezer Howard

1850-10-01 01:24:46

1928-10-01 01:24:46

“(1850-1928) was a British socal reformer and the founder of the Garden City movement.”

LeGates, I. T., & Stout, F. (2007).The city reader. (4 ed., pp. ix-xxii). New York: Urban Reader Series.Retrieved from

11295

Patrick Geddes

1854-09-01 08:08:06

1932-09-01 08:08:06

(1854-1932) has become known as "the father of town planning". Geddes influenced the urban planning movement in many different ways. His work on regional surveying influenced Lewis Mumford and numerous others. Mumford, however, did not totally accept Geddes' ideas on social reconstruction. Yet, the method of considering social implications in city planning has carried over to the sustainable city projects of today. His understanding of the connection between the individual and the environment, as described in his last major work, Life Outlines of General Biology, constitutes the core of modern planning.

http://www.uky.edu/Classes/PS/776/Projects/Geddes/geddes.htm

11293

Germ Theory

1857-01-01 13:35:39

Louis Pasteur (1822-1895) was a world-famous French chemist and biologist. He founded the science of microbiology and “proved that most infectious diseases are caused by micro-organisms. This became known as the ‘germ theory’ of disease.”

Source: http://www.zephyrus.co.uk/louispasteur.html

11295

Jane Addams

1860-01-01 00:00:00

1935-01-01 00:00:00

“(1860-1935) was a pioneering leader of the American settlement house movement whose work at Hull House in Chicago inspired a generation of social workers.”

LeGates, I. T., & Stout, F. (2007).The city reader. (4 ed., pp. ix-xxii). New York: Urban Reader Series.Retrieved from

11294

Postmodernism

1870-01-19 07:47:01

1995-06-19 07:47:01

Postmodern planning and architecture was a return to the traditional styles design over the more formal style of design that was used in many public housing developments. The homogenous styles were replaced by diverse aesthetics aimed at beautifying the city and creating a good social environment. Postmodern architects place more emphasis on form, designing symbolic and expressive structures that use a contemporary take on form. Postmodern planners embraced participatory planning, sustainablity, and new urbanism to design cities that build upon traditional form.

11292

Early suburbs

1870-09-11 12:51:19

1870s

11294

Telephones; electric street lighting

1870-11-01 00:00:00

11290

Hygeia, A City of Health by B.W. Richardson

1876-11-09 00:04:19

Sir Benjamin Ward Richardson (1828-1896) was a British physician, anaesthetist, physiologist, and sanitarian, who generated many writings on medical history. His most famous work was Hygeia, A City of Health written in 1876.

Source: http://www.fullbooks.com/Hygeia-a-City-of-Health.html

11293

Social reform/settlement houses

1880-06-07 10:01:54

1920-06-07 10:01:54

11294

1880 Electricity commercialized

1880-11-22 00:47:01

11295

Clarence Stein

1882-01-01 01:59:18

1975-01-01 01:59:18

(1882 -1975) was an American urban planner, architect, and writer, a major proponent of the "Garden City" movement in the United States. Trained as an architect, Stein participated in several of the most influential housing complex designs of the 20th century, including the "garden city" plans for Sunnyside Gardens in Queens, New York; Radburn, New Jersey; Chatham Village in Pittsburgh; and Baldwin Hills Village (known today as Village Green) in Los Angeles.

http://tclf.org/content/clarence-stein

11294

San Francisco Cable Car

1882-01-01 03:38:25

11294

First Electric Street Car

1882-01-01 03:38:25

South Bend, Indiana

11295

Edward Bassett

1884-01-01 00:00:00

"(1863–1948) was one of the founding fathers of modern day urban planning. Known as "The Father of American Zoning," Bassett wrote the first comprehensive zoning ordinance in the United States, adopted by New York City in 1916. Bassett is credited with developing the "freeway" and "parkway" concepts, and for coining the term "freeway" to describe a controlled access urban highway, based on the parkway concept but open to commercial traffic."

http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/infrastructure/freeway.cfm

11291

Pullman Strike

1884-01-25 23:25:48

The Pullman Strike was a nationwide conflict between labor unions and railroads in the United States. It began in Illinois with the Pullman Palace Car Company and soon became a nationl strike involving some 250,000 workers in 27 states at its peak. The result of the strike was the federal holiday we now celebrate called Labor Day.

Source: http://dig.lib.niu.edu/gildedage/pullman/events1.html

11292

San Francisco Chinese Laundry Case

1886-01-01 13:35:39

The Chinese laundry case, also known as Yick Wo vs. Hopkins, is the first case in which the US Supreme Court ruled that a law that is race-neutral, but administered in a prejudicial way, is a violation of the Equal Protection Clause in the 14th Amendment to the US Constitution.

Source: http://sunnylandsclassroom.org/Asset.aspx?id=1475

11295

Ernest W. Burgess

1886-10-01 01:24:46

1966-10-01 01:24:46

“(1886-1966) was a sociology professor at the University of Chicago, and core member of the talented first generation of “Chicago school” sociologists, best known for his concentric zone theory of the internal structure of the city.”

LeGates, I. T., & Stout, F. (2007).The city reader. (4 ed., pp. ix-xxii). New York: Urban Reader Series.Retrieved from

11292

Urban Reform

1886-11-22 00:47:01

1886

11295

LeCorbusier

1887-10-01 01:24:46

1965-10-01 01:24:46

“(Charle-Eduouard Jeanneret, 1887-1965) was an architect, an urban visionary, and an important force in the modernist movement.”

LeGates, I. T., & Stout, F. (2007).The city reader. (4 ed., pp. ix-xxii). New York: Urban Reader Series.Retrieved from

11291

Hull House founded

1889-01-25 23:25:48

11289

Automobiles invented

1890-06-08 01:52:18

1890s

11292

City beautiful/municipal art/etc

1890-09-11 12:51:19

1890s

11295

Rexford Tugwell

1891-01-01 04:12:21

1979-01-01 04:12:21

(1891- 1979) was an agricultural economist who became part of Franklin D. Roosevelt's first "Brain Trust," a group of Columbia academics who helped develop policy recommendations leading up to Roosevelt's 1932 election as President. Tugwell subsequently served in FDR's administration for four years and was one of the chief intellectual contributors to his New Deal. Later in his life, he also served as the director of the New York City Planning Commission, Governor of Puerto Rico, and a professor at various universities.

http://c250.columbia.edu/c250_celebrates/remarkable_columbians/rexford_tugwell.html

11294

Elevated rail Chicago

1892-05-21 05:43:29

11291

Chicago World's Fair

1893-10-30 13:35:39

The Chicago Worlds Fair, also known as The World’s Columbian Exposition, was an event held in Chicago to celebrate the 400th anniversary of Christopher Columbus’s arrival to the New World in 1492.

Source: http://encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org/pages/1386.html

11295

Karl Mannheim

1893-12-01 03:18:14

1947-12-01 03:18:14

(1893-1947) was a Hungarian sociologist. He helped found the sociology of knowledge, the study of how knowledge is produced and maintained in societies. He emphasized the role that ideology plays in shaping knowledge, a view he discussed in his major work, Ideology and Utopia (1929).

http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/362586/Karl-Mannheim

11295

Lewis Mumford

1895-10-01 01:24:46

1990-10-01 01:24:46

“(1895-1990) was a cultural historian, biographer, architectural critic, occasional academic, distinguished urbanist, and , many argue, the last great American public intellectual.”

LeGates, I. T., & Stout, F. (2007).The city reader. (4 ed., pp. ix-xxii). New York: Urban Reader Series.Retrieved from

Mumford, L. (1937). Broadacre city: a new community plan. In R. LeGates & F. Stout (Eds.), The City Reader (pp. 85-89). New York: Urban Reader Series.

11293

Ebenezer Howard Garden City

1898-01-01 20:52:36

1898-12-31 20:52:36

In 1898 Howard published a book that focused on a planning method using Garden Cities. Garden Cities were to be self-contained communities surrounded by greenbelts of open land and would include areas for residence, industry, and commerce. The Garden City movement was influential in the US and many garden cities were planned following World War II

Howard, E., & In Osborn, F. J. (1965). Garden cities of to-morrow. Cambridge, Mass: M.I.T. Press.

11295

Frederick Hayek

1899-12-01 03:18:14

1992-12-01 03:18:14

(1899-1992) was an economist and philosopher best known for his defense of classical liberalism and free-market capitalism against socialist and collectivist thought. He is considered to be one of the most important economists and political philosophers of the twentieth century, winning the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences in 1974.

http://www.econlib.org/library/Enc/bios/Hayek.html

11289

16 metros with 1 mil+ (3 in USA)

1900-01-01 03:38:25

11294

4000 cars produced in US annually

1900-05-21 05:43:29

11293

City practical/efficiency

1900-06-07 10:01:54

1930-06-07 10:01:54

11292

City practical/efficient government

1900-09-11 12:51:19

1900s

11291

London: Council suburbs +garden cities

1900-09-11 12:51:19

1900s

11291

London: Council suburbs +garden cities

1900-11-01 00:00:00

11291

1902 McMillan Plan for Washington D.C.

1902-12-23 05:14:26

The McMillan Plan was an architectural plan for the city of Washington that was created at the beginning of the 20th century to improve upon the original city plan that was designed in 1791 by Pierre L'Enfant. Senator James McMillan of Michigan chaired a committee of renowned architects, landscape designers, and artists (known as the McMillan Commission) to expand L’Enfant’s desire to surround public buildings with landscaped parks and open spaces. The plan removed many of the slums that surrounded the Capitol and created the National Mall.

http://dc.about.com/od/communities/a/McMillanPlan.htm

11294

Model T Ford

1908-05-21 05:43:29

11291

Wisconsin enabling legislation

1909-01-01 03:38:25

11292

First national planning conference

1910-06-20 20:33:43

11292

Parkways

1910-09-11 12:51:19

11291

Forest Hills Gardens, NY

1910-11-22 00:47:01

Forest Hills Gardens is a community located in Forest Hills, in the New York City borough of Queens. Its streets are privately owned but open to traffic. The streets were fully laid-out in 1910, many of them winding specifically to discourage through-traffic (see Street hierarchy). Though Forest Hills Gardens is private property, it is not a gated community and through traffic, both automotive and pedestrian, is permitted. Street parking, however, is restricted to community residents; visitors must know a resident or face fine and wheel clamping. The project was almost completed by the mid-1960s when all but the last few remaining lots were developed.

http://www.nytimes.com/2010/06/06/realestate/06living.html?pagewanted=all

11292

Chair in Civic Design, U. Ill

1913-06-07 10:01:54

11295

Gordon Cullen

1914-12-01 03:18:14

1994-12-01 03:18:14

(1914 - 1994) was an influential English architect and urban designer who was a key motivator in the Townscape movement. He is best known for the book The Concise Townscape, first published in 1961.

http://faculty.arch.utah.edu/people/faculty/julio/abstracts/gordon_cullen-abstract.htm

11295

Jane Jacobs

1916-05-04 00:00:00

2006-04-25 00:00:00

“(1916-2006) was a New York City community activist turned urban theorist whose defense of disorderly and creative urban life, and attacks on rigid urban planning insensitive to human values, had a major impact on humanizing urban planning.”

NYL1ghts (2011, April 9). Jane Jacobs – The Little Woman That Could. Retrieved from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZXeEMD6U0NY on October 19, 2011.

LeGates, I. T., & Stout, F. (2007).The city reader. (4 ed., pp. ix-xxii). New York: Urban Reader Series.Retrieved from

11292

1916 NYC 5th avenue zoning law

1916-06-20 20:33:43

11295

William H. Whyte

1918-01-01 00:00:00

1999-01-12 00:00:00

“(1918-1999) was a sociologist whose perceptive studies of the way in which people use parks, plazas, and other public space in cities have influenced urban design practice.”

Source: LeGates, I. T., & Stout, F. (2007).The city reader. (4 ed., pp. ix-xxii). New York: Urban Reader Series.Retrieved from http://books.google.com/books/feeds/volumes?q=978-0-415-77084-2

11295

Kevin Lynch

1918-04-01 11:52:01

1994-04-01 11:52:01

“(1918-1994) was a professor of urban planning at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology whose influential writings on urban design provide the theoretical basis for modern urban design.”

LeGates, I. T., & Stout, F. (2007).The city reader. (4 ed., pp. ix-xxii). New York: Urban Reader Series.Retrieved from

11294

Water chlorinated, Jersey City, NJ

1918-08-01 19:11:22

11289

Real Estate Boom

1920-01-01 03:38:25

1930-01-01 03:38:25

1920's

11290

Perry Neighborhood Unit

1920-01-01 03:38:25

1920

11290

1920 Regional Planning Association of America (Mumford, Stein, Bauer etc.)

1920-01-01 03:38:25

Source: Gerckens, L. C. (2003). Planning ABC's. (p. 3,16,20,25,28). Planning Commisioners Journal.

11294

Horse drawn carts

1920-01-01 03:38:25

1930-01-01 03:38:25

Horse drawn carts on fixed routes (France and U.S.)

11292

Neighborhood planning ideas

1920-06-07 10:01:54

11291

1923 Standard State zoning Act

1923-06-10 05:00:54

Source: Gerckens, L. C. (2003). Planning ABC's. (p. 3,16,20,25,28). Planning Commisioners Journal.

11292

1926 Euclid v. Ambler

1926-11-22 00:47:01

The VILLAGE OF EUCLID V. AMBLER REALTY CO., decided on 22 Nov. 1926, was a landmark U.S. Supreme Court case that established the principle and practice of land-use zones in the U.S.

http://ech.case.edu/ech-cgi/article.pl?id=VOEVARC

11291

1927 Standard State Planning Act

1927-01-15 20:50:21

11289

The Great Depression

1929-01-01 03:38:25

1939-01-01 03:38:25

The Great Depression was an economic slump in North America, Europe, and other industrialized areas of the world that began in 1929 and lasted until about 1939. It was the longest and most severe depression ever experienced by the industrialized Western world. Though the U.S. economy had gone into depression six months earlier, the Great Depression may be said to have begun with a catastrophic collapse of stock-market prices on the New York Stock Exchange in October 1929. During the next three years stock prices in the United States continued to fall, until by late 1932 they had dropped to only about 20 percent of their value in 1929. Besides ruining many thousands of individual investors, this precipitous decline in the value of assets greatly strained banks and other financial institutions, particularly those holding stocks in their portfolios. Many banks were consequently forced into insolvency; by 1933, 11,000 of the United States' 25,000 banks had failed. The failure of so many banks, combined with a general and nationwide loss of confidence in the economy, led to much-reduced levels of spending and demand and hence of production, thus aggravating the downward spiral. The result was drastically falling output and drastically rising unemployment; by 1932, U.S. manufacturing output had fallen to 54 percent of its 1929 level, and unemployment had risen to between 12 and 15 million workers, or 25-30 percent of the work force.

http://www.english.illinois.edu/maps/depression/about.htm

11293

Contemporary City - Le Corbusier

1929-01-01 20:52:36

Le Corbusier is credited as a pioneer of modern architecture for his Contemporary City urban model. The plan uses "towers in the parks" with high-density skyscraper surrounded by green areas and roads. He designed his city to be highly automobile accessible. His style of modern architecture and planning was hugely influential in America after World War II and up until the destruction of Pruitt Igoe, which is credited as the end of modern architecture.

Le Corbusier. (1929). A contemporary city. In R. LeGates & F. Stout (Eds.), The City Reader (pp. 322-330). New York: Urban Reader Series.

MikeleAndrade (2011, June 30). PPD 245 Le Corbusier City of Tomorrow. Retrieved from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EEhAYlFcS7s&feature=BFa&list=PL92E8235CF958E48B&lf=results_video on October 18, 2011.

11291

1929 Radburn, NJ

1929-07-04 17:27:08

Radburn, a planned community, was started in 1929 by the City Housing Corporation from the plans developed by Clarence Stein and Henry Wright. The concept of the "new town" grew out of the older planned communities in Europe and the work of Ebenezer Howard and Patrick Geddes. The intent was to build a community which made provisions for the complexities of modern life, while still providing the amenities of open space, community service and economic viability. Aerial view of Radburn, 1929 The community was intended to be a self-sufficient entity, with residential, commercial and industrial areas each supplementing the needs of others. All property within the boundaries of the Radburn Association is governed by The Declaration of Restrictions which runs with the land. The basic layout of the community introduced the "super-block" concept, cul-de-sac (cluster) grouping, interior parklands, and separation of vehicular and pedestrian traffic to promote safety. Every home was planned with access to park walks.

http://www.radburn.org/

11295

Paul Davidoff

1930-01-01 00:00:00

1984-01-01 00:00:00

(1930-1984) was a lawyer, urban planner, professor, and civil rights activist who worked to integrate housing as director of the Suburban Action Institute and proposed the “advocacy planning”model of urban planning.”

LeGates, I. T., & Stout, F. (2007).The city reader. (4 ed., pp. ix-xxii). New York: Urban Reader Series.Retrieved from

11290

Tugwell on the role of planning

1930-01-01 03:38:25

1940-01-01 03:38:25

1930's

11293

City beautiful

1930-06-07 10:01:54

1949-06-07 10:01:54

11292

New Deal

1930-06-07 10:01:54

11292

WPA & PWA

1930-06-07 10:01:54

WPA (Works Progress Administration) & PWA (Public Works Administration)

11294

Autobahnen

1930-11-09 00:04:19

11293

Frank Lloyd Wright - Broadacre City

1932-01-01 20:52:36

This suburban development concept was the antithesis of a city and was a glorificaiton of suburbia. In it, each U.S. family would be given one acre and a community would be built based upon this. All important transport was to be done by automobile and the concept was heavily dependent on the automobile compared to other plans of its time

11295

Kenneth T. Jackson

1932-04-04 11:52:01

1932-04-04 11:45:36

“is the Jacques Barzun Professor of History and the Social Sciences at Columbia University who has studied the history of American suburbs.”

LeGates, I. T., & Stout, F. (2007).The city reader. (4 ed., pp. ix-xxii). New York: Urban Reader Series.Retrieved from

11294

Tennessee Valley Authority

1933-01-07 07:58:23

The Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) is a federally owned corporation in the United States created by congressional charter in May 1933 to provide navigation, flood control, electricity generation, fertilizer manufacturing, and economic development in the Tennessee Valley, a region particularly affected by the Great Depression.

http://www.u-s-history.com/pages/h1653.html

11289

World War II

1939-01-01 11:04:00

1945-01-01 11:04:00

World War II was a global conflict lasting from 1939 to 1945, involving most of the world's nations—including all of the great powers—eventually forming two opposing military alliances: the Allies and the Axis. It was the most widespread war in history, with more than 100 million military personnel mobilized. In a state of "total war", the major participants placed their entire economic, industrial, and scientific capabilities at the service of the war effort, erasing the distinction between civilian and military resources. Marked by significant events involving the mass death of civilians, including the Holocaust and the only use of nuclear weapons in warfare, it is the deadliest conflict in human history, resulting in 50 million to over 70 million fatalities.

http://www.worldwar-2.net/

11290

Hayek vs. Keynes Economic Debate

1940-01-01 20:52:36

1959-01-01 00:00:00

From 1940s-1950s there was a debate over economic theories in America spearheaded by economists Keynes and Hayek representing opposite views on free market economics and capitalism.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GTQnarzmTOc

11293

Rational/comprehensive planning

1940-06-07 10:01:54

1969-06-07 10:01:54

Source: Altschuler, A. (1965/2004). The Goals of Comprehensive Planning. In Jay M. Stein (Ed.), Classic Readings in Urban Planning - Second Edition, (pp. 67-97). Chicago: American Planning Association.

11292

Wartime planning

1940-06-07 10:01:54

11292

NRPB

1940-06-07 10:01:54

11291

1941 CIAM Athens Charter

1941-01-01 02:50:35

The Athens Charter, or Charte d'Athènes was a document about urban planning published by the Swiss architect, Le Corbusier in 1943. The work was based upon Le Corbusier’s Ville Radieuse (Radiant City) book of 1935 and urban studies undertaken by the Congrès International d'Architecture Moderne (CIAM) in the early 1930s.

11289

Decolonization

1945-01-01 11:04:00

1999-01-01 11:04:00

1940s to 1990s

Process by which colonies become independent of the colonizing country. Decolonization was gradual and peaceful for some British colonies largely settled by expatriates but violent for others, where native rebellions were energized by nationalism. After World War II, European countries generally lacked the wealth and political support necessary to suppress faraway revolts; they also faced opposition from the new superpowers, the U.S. and the Soviet Union, both of which had taken positions against colonialism.

http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/155242/decolonization

11289

Urban Renewal

1946-01-01 00:00:00

1972-03-16 00:00:00

Urban renewal is a program of land development in urban areas. It is heavily debated whether urban renewal was a success or a failure. Urban renewal consisted of the construction of new housing projects, highways, public parks. It can involve relocation of people and businesses, demolition of historic structures, and the use of eminent domain. In some cases it was effective in reforming and revitalizing communities but many critics accuse urban renewal of causing sprawl, urban decay, and segregation. Pruitt-Igoe, a housing project built in St. Louis was a failure of urban renewal the signalled the end of an era

Jacobs, J. (1961). The death and life of great American cities. New York: Random House.

11291

British new towns act

1947-01-01 03:38:25

11294

Transistor (Bell Labs)

1947-08-01 19:11:22

1947

11291

Levittown Long Island

1948-01-01 03:38:25

11291

United States National Trust for Historic Preservation

1949-01-01 13:35:39

“The National Trust for Historic Preservation provides leadership, education, advocacy, and resources to save America's diverse historic places and revitalize our communities. The National Trust for Historic Preservation is a private, nonprofit membership organization dedicated to saving historic places and revitalizing America's communities. Recipient of the National Humanities Medal, the Trust was founded in 1949 and provides leadership, education, advocacy, and resources to protect the irreplaceable places that tell America's story.”

Source: http://www.preservationnation.org/about-us/

11292

1950 Metro plans/postwar new towns

1950-01-01 03:38:25

The idea of planning a city for the needs of the people who would live there didn’t crystallize until the end of the 19th century when Sir Ebenezer Howard, an Englishman, first suggested a series of “garden cities” north of London. However, it was another 50 years, at the end of World War II, when these garden cities really began to flourish. The world was moving into a new era of rapid urbanization. The problems of pollution, traffic congestion and the impersonalized isolation of urban sprawl were growing. The concept of creating new towns spread across Europe with the creation of planned communities to deal with these problems. These “new towns” sought to plan in advance the design and growth of cities. Interest in the new town concepts of Europe began to surface within the U.S. government during the presidency of John F. Kennedy due to the efforts of Robert Weaver, chief administrator of the Housing and Home Finance Agency (HHFA).

https://docs.google.com/a/cornell.edu/viewer?a=v&q=cache:Y76grqw3ZOkJ:www.jonathaninchaska.com/default/?LinkServID%3DEE32461C-5056-A306-AF8BBB6E468822C7%26showMeta%3D0+&hl=en&gl=us&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESi_nmeJP30YF6WITgWzUVbNuTewW4LF9Y7yLRaYK20YqveQGlCqx9XanYv1I1a9gJgBpLbQ_PpulrgN5KLyhZYj1IxVbs8UzYjXDVOScPBV6zdZf22a2uMkJ-hHycATCkoRL03b&sig=AHIEtbQt5Z5LbiS7XnIevIwHnuvRpBQfvw

11289

Suburbanization and proliferation of automobile

1950-07-04 17:27:08

1970-07-04 17:27:08

1950's and 1960's

The suburbanization of United States was a central part of the campaign to create the ideal American family, and the federal government played a direct role in the mass migration from the cities. The postwar economic boom, accompanied by the ease with which one could obtain a house in the suburbs, made it simple for many middle-class families to embark on a quest for the American dream.

Because of the automobile, the outward growth of cities accelerated, and the development of suburbs in automobile intensive cultures was intensified. Acts like the Interstate Highway Act and other federal road programs only intensified the mass migration of people from city to suburb.

http://kim-kenney.suite101.com/suburbanization-in-the-1950s-a85087#ixzz1cg9xeWcS

11289

Civil Rights

1954-05-17 11:52:01

1968-04-04 11:52:01

From 1955-1968 African Americans engaged in a movement aimed at ending segregation, earning suffrage, and establishing greater racial equality. The movement eventually divided into a non-violent movement and a black power movement, the former strictly using peaceful demonstration and the other allowing the use of violence when necessary. Major issues concerning in America's housing and political arenas were addressed, with African Americans earning greater protection under the law. However, segregation continued during urban renewal through redlining and white flight. Although the Civil Rights movement made significant progress, issues of inequity still remain.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CRNciryImqg

King, M. L. (1963). Letter from Birmingham city jail. Philadelphia: American Friends Service Committee.

11294

Silicon Chip (Texas Instruments)

1954-08-01 19:11:22

1954

11294

1956 Shipping containers invented

1956-01-01 03:38:25

The first shipping container was invented and patented in 1956 by an American named Malcolm Mc Lean.

http://www.isbu-info.org/all_about_shipping_containers.html

11291

United States Federal Highway Act

1956-01-01 13:35:39

The Interstate System has been called the Greatest Public Works Project in History. From the day President Dwight D. Eisenhower signed the Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1956, the Interstate System has been a part of our culture—as construction projects, as transportation in our daily lives, and as an integral part of the American way of life. Every citizen has been touched by it, if not directly as motorists, then indirectly because every item we buy has been on the Interstate System at some point. President Eisenhower considered it one of the most important achievements of his two terms in office, and historians agree.

Source: http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/interstate/history.htm

11289

National Interstate and Defense Highways Act of 1956

1956-06-29 00:00:00

This act authorized the Interstate Highway System. Postwar highway planning in America was a key contributor to sprawl and increased automobile use. It had been lobbied for by U.S. automobile manufacturers. Some of the benefits were a reliable system to transport goods during war, increased mobility, and job creation. Highway construction continued for years and many have stated that the highway system has hugely influenced the American way of life.

Altschuler, A. (1965/2004). The Goals of Comprehensive Planning. In Jay M. Stein (Ed.), Classic Readings in Urban Planning - Second Edition, (pp. 67-97). Chicago: American Planning Association.

11294

Interstate Highway Act

1956-11-09 00:04:19

Implemented by President Eisenhower.

11291

1957 Lucio Costa’s plan for Brasilia

1957-09-29 01:30:37

Lucio Costa is best known for his urban plan for the new capital of Brasília, located in Brazil's hinterland, having won the job in a 1957 public competition. Costa's Plano Piloto (Pilot Plan) for Brasilia is in the shape of an irregular cross, suggesting an airplane or dragonfly.

http://www.infobrasilia.com.br/pilot_plan.htm

11290

1960-61 Lynch (Image of City), Jacobs (Death and Life), Cullen (Townscape) on Urban Design

1960-01-01 02:50:35

1961-01-01 02:50:35

Lynch's most famous work, The Image of the City published in 1960, is the result of a five-year study on how users perceive and organize spatial information as they navigate through cities. Using three disparate cities as examples (Boston, Jersey City, and Los Angeles), Lynch reported that users understood their surroundings in consistent and predictable ways, forming mental maps with five elements: paths, edges, districts, identity or character, nodes, and landmarks.

Jacobs' book is an attack on “orthodox” modern city planning and city architectural design. Looking into how cities actually work, rather than how they should work according to urban designers and planners, Jacobs effectively describes the real factors affecting cities, and recommends strategies to enhance actual city performance.

Cullen’s The Concise Townscape is one of the most influential books on architects and planners. It talks about the idea of the “townscape” and what a city should look like.

11292

Environmental Planning

1960-01-01 03:38:25

2011-01-01 00:00:00

Environmental planning is am urban planning strategy that pays special attention to environmental issues and open space in its design and development processes. It shares many principles with sustainable development but tends to be more strictly regulated by outlines set out by the EPA. Planners found that incorporating green natural spaces into communities made them more livable and that certain regulations could lead to healthier residents. Environmental planners try to maintain the balance between human and natural systems with relation to elements of urban development, resource development, natural resource management, and land use.

Cullingworth, J. B. (1975). Environmental planning 1939-1969. (Vol. 1). London, England: Her Majesty’s Stationary Office.

11292

Comprehensive Planning

1960-01-01 03:38:25

1969-01-01 03:38:25

The legal basis for comprehensive plans was provided in the Standard City Planning Enabling Act of 1928 but it became more widely used during the 1960s. Comprehensive plans determine community goals and outline the ways to accomplish those through transportation, utilities, housing, zoning, and other metrics. Comprehensive planning helped balance the power between state and local governments in the planning process. The ultimate purpose of the plan is to serve as the rational basis for development decisions made in the future and to ensure that local and regional governments collaborate to create successful communities.

Altschuler, Alan (1965/2004). The Goals of Comprehensive Planning. In Jay M. Stein (Ed.), Classic Readings in Urban Planning - Second Edition, (pp. 67-97). Chicago: American Planning Association.

1960 More urban renewal

11291

Advocacy and Pluralism in Planning

1960-01-01 03:38:25

The movement towards particapatory planning was caused when planner realized that the interest of certain groups were more influential in the planning process. When creating a comprehensive plan, planners sought the opinion of the community to make development and design decisions with the idea of satisfying the needs of residents. Advocacy in planning is especially important with lower income residents or mixed race neighborhoods in order to encourage collective action. Rather than viewing diversity and community opinion as a hindrance, this approach to planning uses the needs of the community as the rational basis for the comprehensive plan. Through this strategy, advocacy planning and community design can solve issues of segregation and accessibility.

Davidoff, Paul (1965/2004). Advocacy and Pluralism in Planning. In Jay M. Stein (Ed.), Classic

Readings in Urban Planning - Second Edition, (pp. 41-52). Chicago: American Planning Association.

11289

Student Movement of the 1960's

1960-05-13 14:53:53

1970-05-13 14:53:53

1960's

Opposed to U.S. political leadership and dissatisfied with American culture, student activists held demonstrations across the state sand experimented with lifestyle changes in the hope of effecting fundamental change in American life. The student movement, also called the New Left because it represented the latest manifestation of left-leaning political activism, gained converts on campuses across the nation throughout the decade. As the Vietnam war dragged on into its second decade with no perceptible end in sight, and American casualties mounted along with its atrocities, young men who had received deferments because of their student status found themselves increasingly in jeopardy as graduation approached, and the promised end to hostilities failed to materialize.

http://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/nge/Article.jsp?id=h-3400

http://scholar.library.miami.edu/sixties/studentUnrest.php

11293

Incrementalism, mixed scanning

1960-06-07 10:01:54

1977-06-07 10:01:54

11293

Advocacy/equity/progressive planning

1960-06-07 10:01:54

2010-06-07 10:01:54

11292

Modernization planning

1960-06-07 10:01:54

11293

Policy/systems analysis and urban models

1960-06-07 10:01:54

1980-06-07 10:01:54

11289

1960's Urban Riots in the United State

1960-07-06 08:30:46

1970-07-06 08:30:46

Tolerance for the federal programs had been limited on both sides of the color spectrum because of white prejudice on one hand, and delayed realization of hopes on the other. As racial tensions rose, riots broke out all over the US. and the 60's surpassed anything previously experienced. The five day Watts riot in August, 1965 saw 34 people die and a thousand injured; and the 1966 Detroit riot, 43 deaths. Following Martin Luther King's assassination in 1968, rioting broke out in over 120 cities including Chicago and Washington.

While a riot may be initially sparked by a specific event, scholars, commentators and commissions have sought to identify the deeper reasons and have identified a number urban conditions that may underline urban riots. These urban conditions are often associated with urban decay more generally and may include: discrimination, poverty, high unemployment, poor schools, poor health care, housing inadequacy and police brutality and bias.

http://scholar.library.miami.edu/sixties/urbanRiots.php

11294

Freeway construction

1960-11-09 00:04:19

11294

Wastewater plant construction

1960-11-09 00:04:19

11291

Clean Air Act

1963-01-01 03:38:25

The Clean Air Act (CAA) is the comprehensive federal law that regulates air emissions from stationary and mobile sources. Among other things, this law authorizes EPA to establish National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) to protect public health and public welfare and to regulate emissions of hazardous air pollutants. One of the goals of the Act was to set and achieve NAAQS in every state by 1975 in order to address the public health and welfare risks posed by certain widespread air pollutants. The setting of these pollutant standards was coupled with directing the states to develop state implementation plans (SIPs), applicable to appropriate industrial sources in the state, in order to achieve these standards. The Act was amended in 1977 and 1990 primarily to set new goals (dates) for achieving attainment of NAAQS since many areas of the country had failed to meet the deadlines.

Source: http://www.epa.gov/lawsregs/laws/caa.html

11290

1965 David Advocacy and Pluralism

1965-01-01 00:00:00

Paul Davidoff's “Advocacy and Pluralism in Planning” appeared in the Journal of the American Institute of Planners in 1965. Its main points were:

The planner isn't solely a value-neutral technician; instead, values are part of every planning process.

City planners shouldn't attempt to frame a single plan that represents the “ public interest ” but rather “represent and plead the plans of many interest groups.” In other words, planning should be pluralistic and represent diverse interests, especially minority interests.

So-called “citizen participation” programs usually react to official plans and programs instead of encouraging people to propose their own goals, policies and future actions. Neighborhood groups and ad hoc associations brought together to protest public actions should rightly do their own plans.

Planning commissions set up as supposedly neutral bodies acting in the public interest are responsible to no constituency and too often irrelevant. There is no escaping the reality that politics is at the very heart of planning and that planning commissions are political.

Urban planning is fixated on the physical city : “The city planning profession's historical concern with the physical environment has warped its ability to see physical structures and land as servants to those who use them.” Davidoff said that professionals should be concerned with physical, economic and social planning. In a line that was relevant to the founding of the Hunter College urban planning program, he said: “The practice of plural planning requires educating planners who would be able to engage as professional advocates in the contentious work of forming social policy.”

11292

1965 HUD Formed (U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development)

1965-01-01 03:38:25

HUD’s mission is to create strong, sustainable, inclusive communities and quality affordable homes for all. HUD is working to strengthen the housing market to bolster the economy and protect consumers; meet the need for quality affordable rental homes: utilize housing as a platform for improving quality of life; build inclusive and sustainable communities free from discrimination; and transform the way HUD does business.

http://portal.hud.gov/hudportal/HUD?src=/about/mission

11291

1966 National Hist. Pres Act

1966-06-15 09:48:40

is legislation intended to preserve historical and archaeological sites in the United States of America. The act created the National Register of Historic Places, the list of National Historic Landmarks, and the State Historic Preservation Offices.

www.nps.gov/history/local-law/nhpa1966.htm

11291

1967 Columbia, Maryland New Town opens

1967-03-02 08:42:34

Columbia is a new town that consists of ten self-contained villages, located in Howard County, Maryland, United States. It is a suburb of Baltimore and, to a lesser degree, Washington, DC. It began with the idea that a city could enhance its residents quality of life. Creator and developer James W. Rouse saw the new community in terms of human values, not just in terms of economics and engineering. Opened in 1967, Columbia was designed to not only eliminate the inconveniences of then-current subdivision design, but also eliminate Human race, Religion, and Social class Geographical segregation.

http://www.frontdoor.com/city-guide/columbia-md-usa

11290

1969 Design with Nature (McHarg)

1969-01-01 02:50:35

In 1969, McHarg published, Design with Nature, which was essentially a book of step-by-step instructions on how to break down a region into its appropriate uses. Design with Nature pioneered the concept of ecological planning.

11291

National Environmental Policy Act

1969-01-01 13:35:39

“The National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) was one of the first laws ever written that establishes the broad national framework for protecting our environment. NEPA's basic policy is to assure that all branches of government give proper consideration to the environment prior to undertaking any major federal action that significantly affects the environment.”

Source: http://www.epa.gov/lawsregs/laws/nepa.html

11294

1969 ARPANET

1969-01-04 21:22:55

The Advanced Research Projects Agency Network (ARPANET), was the world's first operational packet switching network and the core network of a set that came to compose the global Internet.

http://www.walthowe.com/navnet/history.html

11289

Marxist Revival

1970-01-01 03:38:25

1980-01-01 03:38:25

Following the collapse of many socialist states, neoliberalism capitalism became a dominant economic theory, championed by Ronald Reagan and resisted by Marxist authors like David Harvey. Reaganomics used neoliberal principles of top-down economics, deregulation, and, and privatization. While neoliberalist encouraged privatization, Harvey pioneered the idea of a "Right to the City" that required accessibility for all people and limited public-private partnerships.

11289

1970's Oil Crisis

1970-01-01 03:38:25

1979-01-01 03:38:25

The combination of the Arab Oil Embargo of OAPEC in 1973 and the 1979 Iranian Revolution severely limited oil supply and causes stagnant economic growth in America. The decreased supply forced economy to embrace more efficient oil usage.

11294

1 car per 5 americans

1970-01-01 13:35:39

11293

Marxist critiques

1970-06-07 10:01:54

1990-06-07 10:01:54

11292

Self help approaches

1970-06-07 10:01:54

11289

Environmentalism and Feminism

1970-06-10 05:00:54

11289

Economic deregulation/globalization

1970-06-10 05:00:54

1980-06-10 05:00:59

11291

Amendments to Clean Air Act

1970-09-29 01:30:37

1970

11294

Microprocessors, microcomputer

1970-11-09 00:04:19

11292

Urban Decay

1971-01-01 03:38:25

2011-11-22 03:38:25

In many cases, the housing projects during urban renewal were failures and led to worse conditions in urban areas, especially inner cities, than existed before. The most famous if these is the Pruitt-Igoe housing project, developed in 1956. By the late 1960s processes of redzoning and white flight led to extreme poverty, crime, and segregation. In 1972, the housing projects were demolished; this is known as "the day Modern architecture died". Another famous example was the South Bronx which suffered from similar issues of poverty, crime and segregation especially during the crack epidemic.

Jacobs, J. (1961). The death and life of great American cities. New York: Random House.

11291

Clean Water Act

1972-01-01 13:35:39

The CWA, effective 1972, is aimed at eliminating releases of high amounts of toxic substances into water, eliminating additional water pollution, and ensuring that surface waters are safe for human use. The pollution control strategy includes a permit system for industrial industries, agricultural facilities, and municipal governments that requires them to maintain certain water quality standards.

11291

San Francisco Urban Design Plan

1972-01-01 13:35:39

The San Francisco urban plan was designed with objectives, policies, and principles broad and simple enough for the rapidly changing city. The plan responded to issues of conservation, new major developments, neighborhood environment, and city pattern. The city pattern is the dominant theme; each other policy, objective, and principle preserves or enhances the city pattern. It is the interplay between the natural and built elements of the city that provides a unique identity.

11290

Club of Rome Limits to Growth

1972-01-15 10:20:36

This book, commissioned by the Club of Rome, analyzed the consequences of a rapidly growing population restricted by limited resource supplies. The book uses the World3 model, to simulate the consequences of actions between humans and Earth's ecosystem. This book caused major debate in the field of planning and the proper methods of prediction.

11294

More freeways

1973-11-09 00:04:19

11290

Costs of Sprawl Report

1974-01-15 10:20:36

This book used a Detailed Cost Analysis to determine the impact of sprawl on urban areas. It looked at both density and location of development as cost factors in development. The report found that sprawl had negative impacts on "public and private capital and operating costs, transportation and travel costs, land/natural habitat preservation, quality of life, and social issues. There have been many critiques on the measurement methods used.

11289

Chinese Economic Reforms Start

1975-01-01 00:00:00

1985-01-01 00:00:00

China changed into the capitalist economy it is today in the 1970's. The late 1970's and early 1980's involved the decollectivization of agriculture, opening the country to foreign investment, and allowing entrepreneurs to start up small businesses. In the late 1980's China privatized many state-owned industries and lifted price controls, protectionist policies, and regulations. This led to large private sector growth and a 70% increase in GDP, leading China to become the world's second largest economy.

11291

Cleveland Policy Plan

1975-09-11 12:51:19

Mid 1970s

11291

First Festival Market Place (Faneuil Hall)

1976-01-01 13:35:39

In 1976, Architect Benjamin Thompson renovated the historic Faneuil Hall Marketplace, preserving the historical significance but turning it into the first festival marketplace. It now functions as an indoor/outdoor mall and eatery. Festival marketplaces are European-style open markets and are now being used in downtown revitalization efforts as public gathering places.

11290

Alexander’s Pattern Language

1977-01-15 10:20:36

Architect Christopher Alexander developed a stuctured method of describing good design practices that could be applied to complex design problems. He sees design as a language with vocabulary, syntax, and grammar all related to solutions to design problems. It was used primarily in architectural patterns but could also be applied to many other fields.

11289

Structural adjustment, Indian economy opens

1980-01-01 03:38:25

1990-01-01 03:38:25

These were policies implement as loan conditionalities by the IMF and World Bank in developing countries. In exchange for offering lower interest rates, governments would have to meet conditions often related to economic reform, notably privatization and deregulation. The programs were supposed to have poverty reduction as a goal but due to neoliberalism and dispossession, they often lead to decreases in accessibility and socio-economic segregation.

Harvey, D. (2005). A brief history of neoliberalism. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

11289

Privatization

1980-01-01 03:38:25

1990-01-01 03:38:25

Following the Reagan era, America had a political system that encouraged free-trade, less regulation, and privatization. This was an issue in planning domestically and internationally as populations grew. When state-owned entities were unable to provide service, private companies would take over. Public-private partnerships became another means of development that allowed private companies to control previously public entities. The resulting loss in accessibility was a major issue leading to new urbanism.

Savas, E. S. (2000). Privatization and public-private partnerships. New York: Chatham House.

11291

London Dockland Project

1980-01-01 13:10:39

1989-12-31 13:10:39

The redevelopment of the London Docklands following WWII used a public-private partnership with the privately-owned London Docklands Development Corporation. It was controversial because some accused the project of favoring luxury developments.

11291

Highway Congestion

1980-06-01 00:00:00

11293

Strategic planning

1980-06-07 10:01:54

2010-06-07 10:01:54

11293

Communicative planning theory/rhetoric/narrative

1980-06-07 10:01:54

2000-06-07 10:01:54

11292

Economic development

1980-06-07 10:01:54

11290

Economic development/entrepreneurship

1980-08-01 19:11:22

11291

Seaside Constructed

1980-09-11 12:51:19

1980s

11290

The “Posts” – modernism, structuralism, Fordism, colonialism

1980-11-01 00:00:00

Enter story info here

11289

PC's

1980-11-01 00:00:00

11292

Public Private Partnerships

1980-11-01 00:00:00

2011-11-01 00:00:00

For governments lacking capital for large development projects, public-private partnerships allow them access to private money to fund their initiatives. This is especially useful for communities without a large tax base or with a debt problem. Many highways, bridges, and other infrastructures use public-private partnerships and they are especially common in developing countries. The issue with them is the resulting private influence in public development, which can lead to a conflict of interest. Private companies will often look for some type of incentive, whether through special controls or tax breaks, to give their money to public governments. This has resulted in luxury developments that are inaccessible and a lack of true public space in many instances. Public private partnerships are now common place and may financial institutions have public finance teams dedicated to this purpose. A recent case is the $9 billion dollar bailout of California by J.P. Morgan during the Great Recession.

11294

Highway congestion

1980-11-09 00:04:19

11294

IBM personal Computer

1981-08-01 19:11:22

1981

11294

Apple uses Icons

1984-08-01 19:11:22

1984

11289

End of the Cold War

1985-09-11 07:14:08

Mid 1980's to Mid 1990's With the passing of several Soviet leaders, Mikhail Gorbachev assumed control of the Soviet Union. His rise to power ushered in an era of perestroika (restructuring) and of glasnost (openness). U.S.-Soviet relations improved considerably during the middle 1980s. On December 8, 1987, the Intermediate Nuclear Forces (INF) Treaty was signed in Washington, eliminating an entire class of nuclear weapons. The INF Treaty was the first arms-control pact to require an actual reduction in nuclear arsenals rather than merely restricting their proliferation. As the decade came to an end, much of the Eastern Bloc began to crumble. The Hungarian government took down the barbed wire on its border with Austria and the West. The Soviet Union did nothing in response. Although travel was still not completely free, the Iron Curtain was starting to unravel. On November 10, 1989, one of the most famous symbols of the Cold War came down: the Berlin Wall. By the end of the year, leaders of every Eastern European nation except Bulgaria had been ousted by popular uprisings. By mid-1990, many of the Soviet republics had declared their independence. Turmoil in the Soviet Union continued, as there were several attempts at overthrowing Gorbachev. On December 8, 1991, the Soviet Union ceased to exist. Boris Yeltsin, president of the Russian Republic, formed the Commonwealth of Independent States (C.I.S.). After 45 years, the Cold War was over.

http://www.history.com/topics/cold-war/videos#berlin-wall-deconstructed

http://www.atomicarchive.com/History/coldwar/page22.shtml

11290

Beginning of Healthy Cities Movement

1986-01-01 20:52:36

1986-12-31 20:52:36

Creating cities that would encourage healthy lives became an increasing important issue to urban design and public health. The World Health Organization, which spearheaded the healthy cities movement, defines the healthy city as, ""one that is continually creating and improving those physical and social environments and expanding those community resources which enable people to mutually support each other in performing all the functions of life and in developing to their maximum potential."

11291

Kentlands Developments

1988-01-01 13:35:39

Kentlands, Maryland was one of the first neighborhoods developed by Andres Duany with the neo-traditional planning technique, Traditional Neighborhood Design. It is one of the first examples of New Urbanism. It is a walkable, mixed-use neighborhood that contains a farm, residences, a commercial district, civic institutions, and park areas. Seaside, Florida has a similar story and was planned in 1979 by Duany with goad of creating an enjoyable social atmosphere. Both neighborhoods were designed using New Urbanist principles.

11290

Informationalism

1990-01-01 03:38:25

1990's

11291

Urbanization in Asia increases

1990-01-01 03:38:25

1999-01-01 03:38:25

1990's

11291

Sustainability

1990-01-01 03:38:25

1999-01-31 03:38:25

Sustainable development is development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.

11291

Guggenheim Bilbao

1990-01-01 13:10:39

1999-12-01 13:10:39

"When the Guggenheim Museum Bilbao—Frank Gehry’s signature building—went up in the heart of Spain’s turbulent Basque region in 1997, it symbolized three things: the so-called globalization of art and architecture, the worldwide boom in museum building, and the priority of culture in the economic life of communities. ..."

11293

Policy/urban models 2.0 (using computing)

1990-06-07 10:01:54

2010-06-07 10:01:54

11293

Smart growth

1990-06-07 10:01:54

2010-06-07 10:01:54

11292

Entertainment retail

1990-06-07 10:01:54

11292

EU – style cross-border regional planning

1990-06-07 10:01:54

11292

GIS

1990-06-07 10:01:54

11289

Internet

1990-06-08 01:52:18

1990s

11292

Amendments to Clean Air Act

1990-11-22 00:47:01

1990

11294

Cellphones are mass marketed

1990-11-22 00:47:01

1990

11294

The Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act

1991-01-01 03:38:25

The Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act of 1991 is a United States federal law that posed a major change to transportation planning and policy, as the first U.S. federal legislation on the subject in the post-Interstate Highway System era. It presented an overall intermodal approach to highway and transit funding with collaborative planning requirements, giving significant additional powers to metropolitan planning organizations. Signed into law on December 18, 1991 by President George H. W. Bush, it expired in 1997.

http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/infrastructure/rw01.cfm

11292

Brownfields

1992-06-28 00:00:00

2011-01-01 00:00:00

These are abandoned industrial facilities that are available for re-use. The land was previously contaminated by pollution but has the potential to be useful again if cleaned up. Part of the Green Cities movement was to establish redevelopment strategies. Some cities offer incentives like lower property taxes for businesses willing to clean up the land for re-use. The EPA also offers incentive to encourage sustainable development.

http://epa.gov/brownfields/

11292

New Urbanism

1993-01-01 03:38:25

2011-11-22 03:38:25

This is a design movement, led by Andres Duany and the Congress for New Urbanism, that advocates walkable neighborhoods, mixed housing and job types, public transit, and sustainable development. It has become one of the dominant urban forms in recent years as a reaction to the formal and rigid form that dominated the late 20th century. The Charter of the New Urbanism states, " We advocate the restructuring of public policy and development practices to support the following principles: neighborhoods should be diverse in use and population; communities should be designed for the pedestrian and transit as well as the car; cities and towns should be shaped by physically defined and universally accessible public spaces and community institutions; urban places should be framed by architecture and landscape design that celebrate local history, climate, ecology, and building practice."

Leccese, M., McCormick, K., & Congress for the New Urbanism. (2000). Charter of the new urbanism. New York: McGraw Hill.

11289

The North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)

1994-01-01 11:04:00

The North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) is a comprehensive trade agreement that sets the rules of trade and investment between Canada, the United States, and Mexico. Since the agreement entered into force on January 1, 1994, NAFTA has systematically eliminated most tariff and non-tariff barriers to free trade and investment between the three NAFTA countries.

http://www.naftanow.org/faq_en.asp#faq-1

11291

Portland’s Vision 2040 adopted (Smart growth)

1994-06-20 20:33:43

1994

11291

Internet

1995-01-01 03:38:25

2011-11-22 00:00:00

The rise of technology, sprawl, and the increased use of the automobile are all considered as factors. This gives a good context for the state of American communities today in terms of human capital and human bonds so a meaningful comparison can be made to other times. The rapid rise of technology like the automobile and internet has reduced our human capital and the daily amount of face-to-face interaction prevalent in previous generations

Putnam, R. D. (2000). Bowling alone: The collapse and revival of American community. New York: Simon & Schuster.

11290

Charter for the new urbanism

1996-06-10 05:00:54

11291

1996 RPA 3rd Regional Plan NY

1996-06-20 20:33:43

11293

New Urbanism

1996-10-15 15:29:21

This is a design movement, led by Andres Duany and the Congress for New Urbanism, that advocates walkable neighborhoods, mixed housing and job types, public transit, and sustainable development. It has become one of the dominant urban forms in recent years as a reaction to the formal and rigid form that dominated the late 20th century. The Charter of the New Urbanism states, " We advocate the restructuring of public policy and development practices to support the following principles: neighborhoods should be diverse in use and population; communities should be designed for the pedestrian and transit as well as the car; cities and towns should be shaped by physically defined and universally accessible public spaces and community institutions; urban places should be framed by architecture and landscape design that celebrate local history, climate, ecology, and building practice."

Katz, P., Scully, V., & Bressi, T. W. (1994). The new urbanism: Toward an architecture of community. New York: McGraw-Hill.

11291

1999 European Spatial Development Perspective

1999-06-20 20:33:43

11292

Gentrification

2000-01-01 00:00:00

2011-11-22 00:00:00

Many of the urban areas that previously suffered from urban decay and white flight are now experience an opposite effect in the 2000s. Young professionals looking to live close to urban areas are taking up residence in these neighborhoods and reviving their economies. In most cases the redevelopment has been based on New Urbanist principles but it has been critiqued for displacing the original residents as property values and cost of living rise.

http://www.pbs.org/pov/flagwars/special_gentrification.php

11290

Active living

2000-01-01 03:38:25

2011-01-01 03:38:25

11290

High security state

2000-01-01 03:38:25

2011-01-01 03:38:25

11292

Bilbao effects

2000-06-07 10:01:54

11293

Sustainability

2000-06-07 10:01:54

2011-11-01 00:00:00

11292

Security + disaster planning

2000-06-07 10:01:54

11291

Chinese urban expansion matures

2000-09-11 12:51:19

2000s

11292

UN Millennium Developmental Goals

2000-11-01 00:00:00

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1 billion motor vehicles

2000-11-22 00:47:01

11289

September 11, 2001

2001-09-11 07:14:08

On the morning of Tuesday, Sept. 11, 2001, four U.S. airliners were turned into guided missiles after they were hijacked by al-Qaeda suicide bombers and crashed into three sites in the U.S., killing approximately 3,000 people. Two of the planes struck the twin towers of the World Trade Center in New York, igniting fires that destroyed the 110-storey landmarks, while a third crashed into the west wing of the Pentagon in Washington. A fourth plane, which was believed to be heading for the White House, crashed in a field 120 kilometres southeast of Pittsburgh.

http://www.cbc.ca/news/background/sep11/

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Aging Infrastructure

2007-01-01 03:38:25

Many of the highway developments from 1940-1970 are now old and unstable. American government faces an issue of providing public spending to repair aging infrastructure. In 2007, an old bridge collapses in Mississippi, injuring hundreds of people and many other bridges do not meet quality standards.

Source: http://www.nytimes.com/2007/08/02/us/02bridge.html?ref=bridgedisasters

11289

500 metros with 1 mill+ (51 in USA)

2010-01-01 03:38:25

11294

PDAs widely adopted

2010-11-22 00:47:01

11289

September 11 2011

2011-09-11 12:51:19

See: http://www.cnn.com/video/#/video/us/2011/09/11/911-anniversary-highlights.cnn