1800's
1800s
Early 1800's
The Fulton Ferry was the first ferry route connecting Manhattan and Brooklyn, New York City, United States, joining Fulton Street (Manhattan) and Fulton Street (Brooklyn) across the East River.
“(1820-1895) was a friend, partner and supporter of Karl Marx and one of the founders of the international Communist movement who, early in life, chronicled the deplorable conditions of the working class in Manchester in 1844.”
“(1822-1903) was a social reformer, landscape architect, and founder of the parks movement in America.”
(1828-1896) was a British physician, anaesthetist, physiologist, and sanitarian, who generated many writings on medical history. His most famous work was Hygeia, A City of Health written in 1876.
1830's
“(1850-1928) was a British socal reformer and the founder of the Garden City movement.”
(1854-1932) has become known as "the father of town planning". Geddes influenced the urban planning movement in many different ways. His work on regional surveying influenced Lewis Mumford and numerous others. Mumford, however, did not totally accept Geddes' ideas on social reconstruction. Yet, the method of considering social implications in city planning has carried over to the sustainable city projects of today. His understanding of the connection between the individual and the environment, as described in his last major work, Life Outlines of General Biology, constitutes the core of modern planning.
Louis Pasteur (1822-1895) was a world-famous French chemist and biologist. He founded the science of microbiology and “proved that most infectious diseases are caused by micro-organisms. This became known as the ‘germ theory’ of disease.”
“(1860-1935) was a pioneering leader of the American settlement house movement whose work at Hull House in Chicago inspired a generation of social workers.”
Postmodern planning and architecture was a return to the traditional styles design over the more formal style of design that was used in many public housing developments. The homogenous styles were replaced by diverse aesthetics aimed at beautifying the city and creating a good social environment. Postmodern architects place more emphasis on form, designing symbolic and expressive structures that use a contemporary take on form. Postmodern planners embraced participatory planning, sustainablity, and new urbanism to design cities that build upon traditional form.
1870s
Sir Benjamin Ward Richardson (1828-1896) was a British physician, anaesthetist, physiologist, and sanitarian, who generated many writings on medical history. His most famous work was Hygeia, A City of Health written in 1876.
(1882 -1975) was an American urban planner, architect, and writer, a major proponent of the "Garden City" movement in the United States. Trained as an architect, Stein participated in several of the most influential housing complex designs of the 20th century, including the "garden city" plans for Sunnyside Gardens in Queens, New York; Radburn, New Jersey; Chatham Village in Pittsburgh; and Baldwin Hills Village (known today as Village Green) in Los Angeles.
South Bend, Indiana
"(1863–1948) was one of the founding fathers of modern day urban planning. Known as "The Father of American Zoning," Bassett wrote the first comprehensive zoning ordinance in the United States, adopted by New York City in 1916. Bassett is credited with developing the "freeway" and "parkway" concepts, and for coining the term "freeway" to describe a controlled access urban highway, based on the parkway concept but open to commercial traffic."
The Pullman Strike was a nationwide conflict between labor unions and railroads in the United States. It began in Illinois with the Pullman Palace Car Company and soon became a nationl strike involving some 250,000 workers in 27 states at its peak. The result of the strike was the federal holiday we now celebrate called Labor Day.
The Chinese laundry case, also known as Yick Wo vs. Hopkins, is the first case in which the US Supreme Court ruled that a law that is race-neutral, but administered in a prejudicial way, is a violation of the Equal Protection Clause in the 14th Amendment to the US Constitution.
“(1886-1966) was a sociology professor at the University of Chicago, and core member of the talented first generation of “Chicago school” sociologists, best known for his concentric zone theory of the internal structure of the city.”
1886
“(Charle-Eduouard Jeanneret, 1887-1965) was an architect, an urban visionary, and an important force in the modernist movement.”
1890s
1890s
(1891- 1979) was an agricultural economist who became part of Franklin D. Roosevelt's first "Brain Trust," a group of Columbia academics who helped develop policy recommendations leading up to Roosevelt's 1932 election as President. Tugwell subsequently served in FDR's administration for four years and was one of the chief intellectual contributors to his New Deal. Later in his life, he also served as the director of the New York City Planning Commission, Governor of Puerto Rico, and a professor at various universities.
The Chicago Worlds Fair, also known as The World’s Columbian Exposition, was an event held in Chicago to celebrate the 400th anniversary of Christopher Columbus’s arrival to the New World in 1492.
(1893-1947) was a Hungarian sociologist. He helped found the sociology of knowledge, the study of how knowledge is produced and maintained in societies. He emphasized the role that ideology plays in shaping knowledge, a view he discussed in his major work, Ideology and Utopia (1929).
“(1895-1990) was a cultural historian, biographer, architectural critic, occasional academic, distinguished urbanist, and , many argue, the last great American public intellectual.”
In 1898 Howard published a book that focused on a planning method using Garden Cities. Garden Cities were to be self-contained communities surrounded by greenbelts of open land and would include areas for residence, industry, and commerce. The Garden City movement was influential in the US and many garden cities were planned following World War II
(1899-1992) was an economist and philosopher best known for his defense of classical liberalism and free-market capitalism against socialist and collectivist thought. He is considered to be one of the most important economists and political philosophers of the twentieth century, winning the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences in 1974.
1900s
1900s
The McMillan Plan was an architectural plan for the city of Washington that was created at the beginning of the 20th century to improve upon the original city plan that was designed in 1791 by Pierre L'Enfant. Senator James McMillan of Michigan chaired a committee of renowned architects, landscape designers, and artists (known as the McMillan Commission) to expand L’Enfant’s desire to surround public buildings with landscaped parks and open spaces. The plan removed many of the slums that surrounded the Capitol and created the National Mall.
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