King Herod dies, Jews angry with his policies rebel for the next ten years.
Jewish rebellion against the Romans ends when the Romans suppress the rebels and turn the Jewish Kingdom into a province renamed Judea.
King Herod becomes king of Judah; he is a Romanized Jew and supports Roman policies which anger many Jews.
Julius Caesar
Jews in Judah rise up against Romans. Jews are unsuccessful
Romans destroy the temple in Jerusalem. About ½ million Jews were killed.
3rd Servile War begins when a groups of gladiators in Capua led by Spartacus escape their barracks and gather together other run-away slaves and destitute of Roman society. They go on to defeat several Roman legions sent against them and march the length of Italy twice. Hemmed in by 3 Roman armies Spartacus and his rebels fight one last time against the legions of Crassus. Spartacus is killed and the 6000 survivors were crucified along the Appian Way, the main thoroughfare between Rome and Pompeii
Jewish zealots holding out at the hilltop fortress of Masada are finally defeated after Romans build a ramp to the city walls. The city inhabitants commit suicide before the city could be sacked by the Romans.
Rome's allies in Italy rebel because they feel that they should also have the rights of citizenship enjoyed by the Latins. Fighting ends when Rome agrees to grant citizenship to Italian allies. Other rebellions are crushed however a sense of crisis still remains.
Roman writers boast how Rome achieved a balanced government taking the best features of monarchy, aristocracy, and democracy.
War ends when the Roman generals Marius and Sulla capture Jugurtha. Jugurtha is dragged through the streets of Rome and thrown into a prison and starved to death.
War breaks out between Rome and its former ally Numidia when Jugurtha seizes power from the king friendly to Rome and executes Roman citizens . The war exposes problems/corruption in the Roman political structure as Jugurtha repeatedly bribes Roman officials to gain power and protract the war.
Southern Gaul (present day France) is added to Rome’s territories.
Jews make another attempt to break free from the Romans and they were unsuccessful. Half million Jews killed and the remaining Jews were exiled (Diaspora).
Reformer and advocate of the people of Rome is assassinated after demanding that public land held by the wealthy be returned to the people in order to have a livelihood.
In the last year of the 3rd Punic War the Roman army levels Carthage, sells the surviving population into slavery, and plows salt into their fields destroying Carthage forever.
Rome defeats the last of the independent Greek states taking control of Greece.
Rome and Carthage fight the 3rd Punic War.
One year after Scipio’s invasion he defeats Hannibal at the Battle of Zama, Carthage surrenders ending the 2nd Punic War. Rome claims territory in Spain.
Scipio, A Roman general forces Hannibal to leave Italy when he invades N. Africa.
Romans lose a major battle against Hannibal, 50,000 Roman troops are killed.
23 years after the end of the 1st Punic War, the 2nd Punic War begins when Hannibal, a general from Carthage invades Italy with 60,000 troops and 60 war elephants.
Roman defeats the Carthaginians, claims Corsica, Sardinia, and Sicily. Carthage must dismantle its navy and pay war reparations to Rome.
Rome goes to war with Carthage, a powerful city-state in N. Africa, over Sicily, an important grain producing region. It is called the 1st Punic War and it lasts 23 years.
Romans defeat the Etruscans and Greek colonies becoming the masters of Italy south of the Po River.
The Romans defeat the Samnites and become masters of central Italy
Gauls, a Celtic people from the North attack Rome and loot it. The Romans vow to never be sacked again and begin conquering its neighbors after rebuilding to ensure safety.
The plebeians (lower class farmers, artisans, and merchants) of Rome force the patricians (upper class, wealthy aristocratic landownders) to write down the laws, called the 12 tables, an important victory for their rights.
The aristocratic and wealthy landowners of Rome known as Patricians battled with the plebeians, the common farmers, artisans, and merchants of Rome over political rights.
Rome grows from several hilltop villages to a city-state covering almost 500 square miles. They reform the Roman army in legions of 5000 men based the Etruscan style of fighting.
619BC to 579BC, Lucius Tarquinius Priscus, from Etruria elected king, drains swamps, and builds circus maximus.
Greek settlers establish 50 colonies in Italy and Sicily spreading Greek culture to the Romans
Legend is that Rome was founded by the twin brothers Romulus and Remus, sons of the Mars the God of War and a Latin princess
Two great kings, David and Solomon united the Israelites and created the kingdom of Israel. Eventually it split into two kingdoms Israel and Judah, Israel was destroyed.
Etruscans, Latins, Samnites, Celts, and later Greeks all try to gain control of the Italian Peninsula. The Etruscans begin to influence Roman culture.
100 years after the Etruscans, farmers and shepherds know as Latins migrated across the Alps into the Italian Peninsula and settle along the Tiber River.
The origins of the Etruscans is lost to history, although they are mentioned in the histories written by Herodotus who stated that they were Lydians fleeing a famine.
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