Charles Babbage dreams up the first computer--a successor to his Difference Engine--but fails to build it.
Bertrand Russell and Alfred North Whitehead published Principia Mathematica, which revolutionized formal logic.
Vannevar Bush creates a analog computer that can solve differential equations.
Godel proves the Incompleteness Theorem: we can never know all truths in mathematics. This shatters the long-held belief that math is a way of knowing all truths.
Turing defines an "a-machine," defining what a computer is mathematically for the first time.
Norbert Wiener champions cybernetics---making robots using feedback systems.
Claude Shannon defines information mathematically and makes possible data compression and error correction in "A Mathematical Theory of Communication."
Turing suggests intelligence test.
James Watson, Francis Crick, and Rosalind Franklin discover the double-helix structure of DNA.
Newell, Shaw and Simon demonstrated the General Problem Solver (GPS).
Herbert Gelernter and Nathan Rochester (IBM) described a theorem prover in geometry
Lettvin studies frogs and finds that their eyes are specially attuned to moving flies.
Ray Solomonoff lays the foundations of a mathematical theory of AI, introducing universal Bayesian methods for inductive inference and prediction.
James Slagle (Ph.D. dissertation, MIT) writes the first symbolic integration program (SAINT), which can solve freshman-level calculus problems.
Danny Bobrow's dissertation at MIT shows that computers can understand natural language to the extent of correctly solving algebra word problems.
Joseph Weizenbaum (MIT) built ELIZA, an interactive program that carries on a dialogue in English language on any topic. One version "simulated" a psychotherapist.
Patrick Winston's Ph.D. program (ARCH) at MIT uses near-miss learning to learn concepts from examples in children's books.
A period of failure of confidence and funding for AI.
Terry Winograd produces SHRDLU, a program that can follow instructions in a "blocks world" and answer questions about how it planned its actions.
Douglas Lenat's AM program (Stanford PhD dissertation) "discovers" interesting mathematical facts.
MYCIN identifies diagnoses patients by identifying bacterial infections based on symptoms and prescribing medicine.
Minsky proposes frames as a representation for AI.
David Marr gives a theory of how we see 3-dimensional objects.
Douglas Hofstadter publishes Gode, Escher, Bach: An Eternal Golden Braid.
MIT starts Open Mind Common Sense, an effort to accumulate a database of commonsense facts.
Danny Hillis produces the first massively parallel computer.
In describing intelligence to a general audience, Marvin Minsky explains that the brain is a combination of actors.
Rodney Brooks constructed an intelligent machine that wanders around office environments and avoid obstacles. He used a new engineering philosophy, called subsumption architecture, for building AI: build them up layer by layer, with each layer concentrating on a different behavior, and test the machine in the real world after each step.
Tim Berners-Lee develops the world wide web.
Gary Borchardt creates PATHFINDER, a program that carries out casual reconstruction--read a written description and comprehend it well enough to answer questions such as “why led to event x?” or “how did object y change?”
The Deep Blue chess machine (IBM) defeats the world chess champion, Garry Kasparov.
Researchers factored the number 15 using a 7-qubit NMR quantum computer.
Elizabeth Spelke shows that language processing interferes with spatial abilities.
Mars Rovers (Spirit and Opportunity) begin their exploration of the Martian surface.
Sebastian Thrun's team at Stanford create the robotic vehicle Stanley. By 2012, 3 states have passed laws allowing autonomous cars.
Michael Coen shows how we can use lip-reading to help with speech recognition and learning. (1976: McGurk effect)
Marcus Hutter proposes that information compression is a hard AI problem, and announces the Hutter prize for compressing Wikipedia text.
Ian Tattersall proposes that a single evolutionary event in a small population of Homo Sapiens was responsible for the development of intelligence.
Researchers at UC Berkeley reconstruct YouTube videos that people are watching by measuring brain activity with fMRI. People construct primitive brain-computer interfaces with EEGs.
IBM's Watson defeats the two greatest Jeopardy! champions, Brad Rutter and Ken Jennings.
Patrick Winston proposes that story understanding is the key to intelligence, and implements Genesis, a story understanding engine.
MIT researchers launch a crowdsourced initiative to map the human brain.
The X-47B, the US Navy's first autonomous and unmanned combat jet, flies and lands successfully.
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